1. Mfundo yopangira laser
Mapangidwe a atomiki ali ngati dongosolo laling'ono la dzuwa, ndi nyukiliya ya atomiki pakati. Ma electron amayenda mozungulira nyukiliyasi ya atomiki, ndipo nyukiliya ya atomiki imakhalanso ikuzungulira.
Paphata pacho pali ma protoni ndi ma neutroni. Mapulotoni ali ndi charger yabwino ndipo ma neutroni sali pamoto. Kuchuluka kwa zolipiritsa zabwino zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi phata lonse ndi zofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma electron omwe amanyamulidwa ndi ma elekitironi onse, kotero nthawi zambiri maatomu salowerera ndale kudziko lakunja.
Pankhani ya kulemera kwa atomu, nyukiliyayi imayika kwambiri unyinji wa atomu, ndipo misa yomwe ma elekitironi onse amakhala nayo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Mu dongosolo la atomiki, nyukiliyasi imangotenga malo ochepa. Ma elekitironi amazungulira phata, ndipo ma elekitironi amakhala ndi malo okulirapo ochitirapo ntchito.
Ma atomu ali ndi "mphamvu yamkati", yomwe ili ndi magawo awiri: imodzi ndi yakuti ma elekitironi ali ndi liwiro lozungulira ndi mphamvu inayake ya kinetic; china ndi chakuti pali mtunda pakati pa ma elekitironi zoipa mlandu ndi phata zabwino mlandu, ndipo pali Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuthekera. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kinetic ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke za ma elekitironi onse ndi mphamvu ya atomu yonse, yomwe imatchedwa mphamvu ya mkati mwa atomu.
Ma elekitironi onse amazungulira phata; nthawi zina pafupi ndi phata, mphamvu ya ma elekitironiyi ndi yaing'ono; nthawi zina kutali ndi phata, mphamvu ya ma elekitironi ndi yaikulu; malinga ndi kuthekera kwa zochitika, anthu amagawanitsa electron wosanjikiza mu zosiyana " "Mlingo wa Mphamvu"; Pa "Mlingo wa Mphamvu" wina, pangakhale ma electron angapo omwe amazungulira pafupipafupi, ndipo electron iliyonse ilibe njira yokhazikika, koma ma electron onse ali ndi mphamvu yofanana; "Magawo a Mphamvu" ndi olekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake. Inde, iwo ali olekanitsidwa malinga ndi milingo ya mphamvu. Lingaliro la "mulingo wa mphamvu" sikuti limangogawanitsa ma elekitironi kukhala magawo molingana ndi mphamvu, komanso kugawa malo ozungulira a ma elekitironi kukhala magawo angapo. Mwachidule, atomu ikhoza kukhala ndi milingo yambiri ya mphamvu, ndipo milingo yosiyanasiyana yamphamvu imagwirizana ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana; ma elekitironi ena amazungulira “pamlingo wochepa mphamvu” ndipo ma elekitironi ena amazungulira “pamlingo waukulu wa mphamvu”.
Masiku ano, mabuku a fizikiya akusukulu yapakati awonetsa momveka bwino mawonekedwe a maatomu ena, malamulo ogawa ma elekitironi mugawo lililonse la electron, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma electron pamagulu osiyanasiyana amphamvu.
Mu dongosolo la atomiki, ma elekitironi amasuntha mosanjikiza, ma atomu ena ali ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo ena amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa; chifukwa maatomu nthawi zonse amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chakunja (kutentha, magetsi, maginito), ma elekitironi amphamvu kwambiri sakhazikika ndipo amasintha modzidzimutsa kupita ku mphamvu yochepa, zotsatira zake zitha kuyamwa, kapena zitha kubweretsa chisangalalo chapadera ndikuyambitsa " kutulutsa modzidzimutsa”. Choncho, mu dongosolo la atomiki, pamene ma elekitironi amphamvu kwambiri amasintha kupita kumagulu otsika mphamvu, padzakhala mawonetseredwe awiri: "kutulutsa modzidzimutsa" ndi "kutulutsa mpweya".
Ma radiation odzidzimutsa, ma elekitironi omwe ali m'mayiko omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri sakhazikika ndipo, amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chakunja (kutentha, magetsi, maginito), amasamukira kumadera opanda mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu zowonjezera zimawululidwa mu mawonekedwe a photons. Maonekedwe amtundu uwu wa ma radiation ndikuti kusintha kwa electron iliyonse kumachitika mwachisawawa. Ma photon akuti amatulutsa modzidzimutsa a ma elekitironi osiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Kutulutsa kodzidzimutsa kwa kuwala kumakhala "kosagwirizana" ndipo kuli ndi mayendedwe amwazikana. Komabe, cheza mowiriza ali ndi makhalidwe a maatomu okha, ndi sipekitiramu wa mowiriza cheza ma atomu osiyana ndi osiyana. Ponena za izi, imakumbutsa anthu za chidziwitso choyambirira cha physics, "Chinthu chilichonse chimakhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa kutentha, ndipo chinthucho chimatha kuyamwa ndi kutulutsa mafunde a electromagnetic mosalekeza. Mafunde a electromagnetic omwe amawunikiridwa ndi kutentha amakhala ndi kagawidwe kosiyanasiyana. Sipekitiramu iyi Kugawa kumayenderana ndi zinthu za chinthucho komanso kutentha kwake. ” Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa cheza chotenthetsera ndi kutulutsa kochitika kwa ma atomu.
Mu mphamvu yokoka, ma elekitironi amphamvu kwambiri amasintha kupita ku mlingo wochepa wa mphamvu pansi pa "kukondoweza" kapena "kulowetsa" kwa "mafotoni oyenera malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri" ndikuwunikira chithunzithunzi chafupipafupi mofanana ndi chithunzithunzi cha chochitikacho. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi cheza chokondoweza ndi chakuti ma photon opangidwa ndi cheza chokondoweza amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndendende ndi ma photon omwe amatulutsa cheza chokondoweza. Iwo ali mu chikhalidwe "chogwirizana". Amakhala ndi mafupipafupi omwewo komanso njira yofanana, ndipo ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa ziwirizi. kusiyana pakati pa izo. Mwanjira iyi, photon imodzi imakhala ma photon awiri ofanana kudzera mu mpweya umodzi wolimbikitsidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwalako kumakulitsidwa, kapena "kukulitsa".
Tsopano tiyeni tipendenso, ndi mikhalidwe yotani yomwe ikufunika kuti tipeze cheza chokondoweza pafupipafupi?
Nthawi zonse, kuchuluka kwa ma electron mumagulu amphamvu kwambiri nthawi zonse kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi ma electron omwe ali mu mphamvu zochepa. Ngati mukufuna ma atomu kuti apange ma radiation olimbikitsa, mukufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi mumagulu amphamvu kwambiri, kotero muyenera "gwero la mpope", lomwe cholinga chake ndikulimbikitsa ma elekitironi otsika kwambiri amalumphira kumagulu amphamvu kwambiri. , kotero kuti chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi amphamvu kwambiri chidzakhala chochuluka kuposa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi otsika kwambiri, ndipo "kusinthika kwa chiwerengero cha tinthu" kudzachitika. Ma elekitironi ochuluka kwambiri amphamvu kwambiri amatha kukhala kwakanthawi kochepa. Nthawi idzalumphira kumlingo wocheperako wa mphamvu, kotero kuthekera kolimbikitsa umuna kumawonjezeka.
Zachidziwikire, "gwero la pampu" limayikidwa maatomu osiyanasiyana. Zimapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi "amveke" ndikulola kuti ma elekitironi otsika kwambiri adumphire kumagulu amphamvu kwambiri. Owerenga amatha kumvetsetsa, laser ndi chiyani? Kodi laser imapangidwa bwanji? Laser ndi "ma radiation owala" omwe "amakondwera" ndi ma atomu a chinthu pansi pa "gwero la pampu" linalake. Izi ndi laser.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-27-2024
