1. Mfundo yopangira laser
Kapangidwe ka atomu kali ngati dongosolo laling'ono la dzuwa, lomwe lili ndi atomu pakati. Ma electron nthawi zonse amazungulira mozungulira atomu, ndipo atomuyo imayendanso mozungulira nthawi zonse.
Chitolirochi chimapangidwa ndi ma protoni ndi ma neutron. Ma protoni ali ndi mphamvu yabwino ndipo ma neutron sali ndi mphamvu. Chiwerengero cha mphamvu zabwino zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi chitoliro chonsecho ndi chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mphamvu zoipa zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi ma elekitironi onse, kotero nthawi zambiri ma atomu salowerera ndale kudziko lakunja.
Ponena za kulemera kwa atomu, nucleus imasunga gawo lalikulu la kulemera kwa atomu, ndipo kulemera komwe kumagwiridwa ndi ma elekitironi onse ndi kochepa kwambiri. Mu kapangidwe ka atomu, nucleus imangokhala ndi malo ochepa okha. Ma elekitironi amazungulira nucleus, ndipo ma elekitironi ali ndi malo akuluakulu ogwirira ntchito.
Maatomu ali ndi "mphamvu yamkati", yomwe ili ndi magawo awiri: choyamba ndi chakuti ma elekitironi ali ndi liwiro lozungulira ndi mphamvu inayake ya kinetic; china ndi chakuti pali mtunda pakati pa ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa ndi nyukiliyasi yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yoipa, ndipo pali mphamvu inayake yotheka. Chiwerengero cha mphamvu ya kinetic ndi mphamvu yotheka ya ma elekitironi onse ndi mphamvu ya atomu yonse, yomwe imatchedwa mphamvu yamkati ya atomu.
Ma electron onse amazungulira mozungulira nucleus; nthawi zina pafupi ndi nucleus, mphamvu ya ma electron awa ndi yaying'ono; nthawi zina kutali ndi nucleus, mphamvu ya ma electron awa ndi yayikulu; malinga ndi kuthekera kwa kuchitika, anthu amagawa electron layer kukhala "Mlingo Wamphamvu" wosiyana; Pa "Mlingo Wamphamvu" winawake, pakhoza kukhala ma electron angapo omwe amazungulira pafupipafupi, ndipo electron iliyonse ilibe njira yokhazikika yozungulira, koma ma electron onsewa ali ndi mulingo wofanana wa mphamvu; "Milingo Yamphamvu" imalekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake. Inde, imalekanitsidwa malinga ndi mulingo wa mphamvu. Lingaliro la "mulingo wa mphamvu" silimangogawa ma electron m'milingo malinga ndi mphamvu, komanso limagawa malo ozungulira ma electron m'milingo yosiyanasiyana. Mwachidule, atomu ikhoza kukhala ndi mulingo wa mphamvu zingapo, ndipo mulingo wosiyana wa mphamvu umagwirizana ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana; ma electron ena amazungulira pa "mulingo wotsika wa mphamvu" ndipo ma electron ena amazungulira pa "mulingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu".
Masiku ano, mabuku a sayansi ya sayansi ya masukulu apakati awonetsa bwino momwe maatomu ena amagwirira ntchito, malamulo a kugawa kwa ma elekitironi mu gawo lililonse la elekitironi, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi pamlingo wosiyana wa mphamvu.
Mu dongosolo la atomiki, ma elekitironi amasuntha m'magawo, ma atomu ena ali ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo ena ali ndi mphamvu zochepa; chifukwa ma atomu nthawi zonse amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chakunja (kutentha, magetsi, maginito), ma elekitironi okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri sakhazikika ndipo adzasintha mwadzidzidzi kupita ku mphamvu zochepa, zotsatira zake zitha kuyamwa, kapena zitha kupanga zotsatira zapadera zokopa ndikuyambitsa "kutulutsa mwadzidzidzi". Chifukwa chake, mu dongosolo la atomiki, pamene ma elekitironi okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri amasintha kupita ku mphamvu zochepa, padzakhala zizindikiro ziwiri: "kutulutsa mwadzidzidzi" ndi "kutulutsa kolimbikitsidwa".
Ma radiation odzidzimutsa, ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri sakhazikika ndipo, amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chakunja (kutentha, magetsi, maginito), amasamukira mwachibadwa ku ma radiation otsika mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu yochulukirapo imatulutsidwa mu mawonekedwe a ma photon. Khalidwe la mtundu uwu wa radiation ndilakuti kusintha kwa elekitironi iliyonse kumachitika padera ndipo kumachitika mwachisawawa. Ma photon states a kutulutsa kwadzidzidzi kwa ma elekitironi osiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Kutulutsa kwadzidzidzi kwa kuwala kuli mu mkhalidwe "wosagwirizana" ndipo kumakhala ndi mayendedwe obalalika. Komabe, kuwala kwadzidzidzi kuli ndi makhalidwe a ma atomu okha, ndipo ma spectra a kuwala kwadzidzidzi kwa ma atomu osiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Ponena za izi, zimakumbutsa anthu za chidziwitso choyambira mu fizikisi, "Chinthu chilichonse chili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa kutentha, ndipo chinthucho chili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa mafunde a elekitironi mosalekeza. Mafunde a elekitironi omwe amatulutsidwa ndi kutentha ali ndi kugawa kwina kwa ma spectrum. Kugawa kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi makhalidwe a chinthucho chokha ndi kutentha kwake." Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa kutentha ndi kutulutsa kwadzidzidzi kwa ma atomu.
Mu mpweya wotulutsidwa ndi mphamvu, ma elekitironi amphamvu kwambiri amasamuka kupita ku mphamvu yochepa pansi pa "kusonkhezera" kapena "kuyambitsa" kwa "ma photoni oyenera mikhalidwe" ndipo amatulutsa photoni yafupipafupi yofanana ndi photoni ya chochitika. Chinthu chachikulu cha kuwala kosonkhezera ndichakuti ma photoni opangidwa ndi kuwala kosonkhezera ali ndi mkhalidwe wofanana ndi ma photoni a chochitika omwe amapanga kuwala kosonkhezera. Ali mu mkhalidwe "wogwirizana". Ali ndi pafupipafupi yofanana komanso mbali imodzi, ndipo n'zosatheka kusiyanitsa kusiyana kwa awiriwa pakati pawo. Mwanjira imeneyi, photon imodzi imakhala ma photoni awiri ofanana kudzera mu mpweya umodzi wosonkhezera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwala kumakulitsidwa, kapena "kumakulitsidwa".
Tsopano tiyeni tifufuze kachiwiri, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimafunika kuti tipeze kuwala kowonjezereka komwe kumalimbikitsidwa?
Muzochitika zachizolowezi, chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri nthawi zonse chimakhala chocheperako kuposa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa. Ngati mukufuna kuti maatomu apange kuwala kolimbikitsidwa, mukufuna kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, kotero mukufunika "gwero la pampu", lomwe cholinga chake ndikulimbikitsa zambiri Ma elekitironi ambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa amalumpha kufika pamlingo wapamwamba, kotero chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri chidzakhala chochulukirapo kuposa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndipo "kutembenuka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono" kudzachitika. Ma elekitironi ambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri amatha kukhala kwa kanthawi kochepa kwambiri. Nthawi idzafika pamlingo wotsika wa mphamvu, kotero kuthekera kotulutsa kuwala kolimbikitsidwa kudzawonjezeka.
Zachidziwikire, "gwero la pampu" limayikidwa pa maatomu osiyanasiyana. Limapangitsa ma elekitironi "kumveka" ndikulola ma elekitironi ambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kuti afike pamlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu. Owerenga amatha kumvetsetsa, kodi laser ndi chiyani? Kodi laser imapangidwa bwanji? Laser ndi "kuwala kwa kuwala" komwe "kumakondwera" ndi maatomu a chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito ndi "gwero la pampu" linalake. Iyi ndi laser.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-27-2024
