Njira Zowotcherera Zinthu Zing'onozing'ono ndi Zing'onozing'ono Kuwotcherera kwa laser ndi njira yowotcherera yogwira mtima komanso yolondola yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa laser kokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ngati gwero la kutentha. Ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri paukadaulo wokonza zinthu za laser. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri powotcherera zinthu zokhala ndi makoma ochepa komanso kuwotcherera mwachangu, ndipo njira yowotcherera inali ya mtundu wa kutentha. Makamaka, kuwala kwa laser kumatenthetsa pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito, ndipo kutentha pamwamba kumafalikira mkati kudzera mu kutentha. Mwa kuwongolera magawo monga m'lifupi, mphamvu, mphamvu yapamwamba, ndi kuchuluka kwa kubwerezabwereza kwa ma pulse a laser, chogwirira ntchitocho chimasungunuka kuti chipange dziwe linalake losungunuka. Chifukwa cha ubwino wake wapadera, chagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakuwotcherera kolondola kwa zigawo zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono.Ukadaulo wa ku China wogwiritsa ntchito laser welding uli pakati pa milingo yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Uli ndi ukadaulo komanso kuthekera kopanga zinthu zovuta za titaniyamu zokwana mamita 12 pogwiritsa ntchito laser, ndipo wagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsanzo ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'mapulojekiti ambiri ofufuza za ndege zapakhomo. Mu Okutobala 2013, katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito laser waku China adapambana Mphoto ya Brook, mphoto yapamwamba kwambiri yamaphunziro pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito laser welding, yomwe idatsimikizira mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa laser welding ku China.
## Mbiri ya Chitukuko Kuwala koyamba kwa laser padziko lonse lapansi kunapangidwa mu 1960 ndi makristasi osangalatsa a ruby okhala ndi nyali yowala. Pokhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako ya kutentha kwa kristalo, imangopanga kuwala kochepa kwambiri komwe kumakhala ndi ma frequency ochepa. Ngakhale mphamvu ya pulse peak yomwe imachitika nthawi yomweyo imatha kufika pa 10^6 watts, inalibe mphamvu yotsika. Ndodo ya kristalo ya yttrium aluminiyamu garnet (Nd:YAG) yokhala ndi neodymium, yokhala ndi neodymium (Nd) ngati chinthu cholimbikitsa, imatha kupanga kuwala kwa laser kopitilira muyeso wokhala ndi mafunde amodzi ndi mphamvu ya 1-8KW. Laser ya YAG, yokhala ndi mafunde a 1.06μm, imatha kulumikizidwa ku mutu wopangira laser kudzera mu ulusi wosinthika, wokhala ndi kapangidwe ka zida zosinthika komanso koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zogwirira ntchito zokhala ndi makulidwe a 0.5-6mm. Laser ya CO₂, pogwiritsa ntchito carbon dioxide ngati chotenthetsera (chokhala ndi mafunde a 10.6μm), imatha kupanga mphamvu yotulutsa mpaka 25KW ndikutulutsa ma single-pass full-penetration plates a 2mm-thick. Yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza zitsulo m'mafakitale. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, laser welding, monga ukadaulo watsopano, idakopa chidwi chachikulu ku Europe, United States, ndi Japan. Mu 1985, ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (Germany) ndi Volkswagen AG (Germany) adagwirizana kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino laser-welded blank yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi pa Audi 100 body. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, opanga magalimoto akuluakulu ku Europe, North America, ndi Japan adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ukadaulo wopanda laser-welded blank popanga magalimoto. Chidziwitso chothandiza kuchokera ku ma laboratories ndi opanga magalimoto chatsimikizira kuti ma blank opangidwa ndi laser angagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino popanga magalimoto. Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya laser kuti ilumikizane yokha ndi kuwotcherera zitsulo zingapo, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, ndi zina zotero, ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, makulidwe, ndi zokutira mu mbale yolumikizidwa, mbiri, kapena gulu la sandwich. Izi zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za magwiridwe antchito a zida, ndipo zimapangitsa kuti zida zikhale zopepuka komanso zolemera kwambiri, kapangidwe kake kabwino, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. M'maiko otukuka monga Europe ndi United States,kuwotcherera kwa laserSikuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha m'makampani opanga zida zoyendera komanso imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga zomangamanga, milatho, kupanga zida zolumikizira mbale zapakhomo, ndi kuwotcherera mbale zachitsulo m'mizere yozungulira (kulumikiza mbale mu kugwedezeka kosalekeza). Makampani odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi olumikiza laser akuphatikizapo Soudonic (Switzerland), ArcelorMittal Group (France), ThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany), Servo-Robot (Canada), ndi Precitec (Germany). Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopanda kanthu wolumikizidwa ndi laser ku China kwangoyamba kumene. Pa Okutobala 25, 2002, mzere woyamba waukadaulo wopanga ma blanks olumikizidwa ndi laser ku China unayamba kugwira ntchito. Udayambitsidwa ndi Wuhan ThyssenKrupp Zhongren Laser Tailor Welding kuchokera ku ThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany). Pambuyo pake, Shanghai Baosteel Arcelor Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., FAW Baoyou Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., ndi mabizinesi ena adayikidwa motsatizana popanga. Mu 2003, mayiko akunja adakhazikitsa njira yolumikizira waya wa CO₂ laser filler ndi double-beam.Kuwotcherera waya wa YAG laser fillerPa kapangidwe ka khoma la A318 lopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu. Ukadaulo uwu unalowa m'malo mwa kapangidwe kakale ka riveted, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege ndi 20% ndikusunga 20% ya mtengo wake. Gong Shuili ankakhulupirira kuti ukadaulo wowotcherera ndi laser udzakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusintha ndi kukweza makampani opanga ndege achikhalidwe aku China. Nthawi yomweyo anapempha mapulojekiti angapo okhudzana ndi kafukufuku, anakonza gulu lofufuza, ndipo anatsogolera pakuyambitsa ukadaulo wa "double-beam laser welding" m'mapulojekiti ofufuza ku China. Kuyambira pachiyambi, anakonza zogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu popanga ndege. Gulu la akatswiri aku China linanena za ukadaulo woyamba ku bungwe lopanga ndege ndipo linalimbikitsa ubwino ndi kuthekera kwa kuwotcherera ndi laser welding ndi double-beam. Pambuyo potsimikizira ndi kuwunika kambiri, bungwe lopanga mapulani linaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu popanga ma panel a makoma okhala ndi mikwingwirima pa ndege inayake, kukwaniritsa cholinga choyamba chogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa "double-beam laser welding" popanga ndege. Inadutsa mu ukadaulo wofunikira monga kuwongolera molondola waya wodzaza ndi laser wa zitsulo zopepuka, inapanga chipangizo cholumikizirana komanso chatsopano cholumikizira waya wodzaza ndi laser wa double-beam, inakhazikitsa nsanja yoyamba yolumikizira waya wodzaza ndi laser wa double-beam ku China, inapanga welding ya double-beam ndi double-sided synchronous ya T-joints m'makoma akuluakulu owonda, ndipo inagwiritsa ntchito bwino popanga welding ya zigawo zazikulu za makoma okhala ndi ribbed aircraft kwa nthawi yoyamba, zomwe zinathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa ndege yatsopano ya China. Mu 2003, zida zonse zazikulu zolumikizirana pa intaneti zomwe HG Laser idalandira kudzera pa intaneti. Zipangizozi zimaphatikizapo kudula, kuwotcherera, ndi kutentha kwa laser, zomwe zimapangitsa HG Laser kukhala imodzi mwamabizinesi anayi padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatha kupanga zida zotere. Mu 2004, pulojekiti ya "Kudula, Kuweta ndi Kukonza Zinthu ndi Zipangizo Zophatikizana za Laser" yolembedwa ndi HG Laser Farley Laserlab idapambana Mphoto Yachiwiri ya Mphoto ya National Science and Technology Progress Award, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale kampani yokhayo ya laser ku China yokhala ndi luso la R&D la ukadaulo ndi zidazi. Ndi chitukuko chachangu cha makampani opanga laser, msika wapereka zofunikira zapamwamba paukadaulo wokonza laser. Ukadaulo wa laser wasintha pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pakugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kupita ku ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ponena za kukonza laser, sikungokhala kokha kudula kapena kuwotcherera kamodzi. Kufunika kwa msika kwa zida zophatikizira zokonzera laser zomwe zimaphatikiza kudula ndi kuwotcherera kukuwonjezeka, motero zida zophatikiza zophatikizira zodula ndi kuwotcherera za laser zawonekera. HG Laser Farley Laserlab idapanga makina ophatikiza odula ndi kuwotcherera a Walc9030, okhala ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu kwambiri a 9×3 metres, omwe pakadali pano ndi zida zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zophatikiza zodula ndi kuwotcherera za laser. Walc9030 ndi zida zodula ndi kuwotcherera zazikulu zomwe zimaphatikizakudula kwa laser ndi ntchito zowotcherera za laser. Ili ndi mutu wodula waluso ndi mutu wowotcherera, ndipo mitu iwiri yokonza imagawana mtanda umodzi. Ukadaulo wowongolera manambala umaonetsetsa kuti sizikusokonezana. Zipangizozi zimatha kumaliza njira ziwiri zomwe zimafuna kudula ndi kuwotcherera nthawi imodzi. Zitha kusinthana momasuka pakati pa kudula koyamba kenako kuwotcherera, kapena kuwotcherera choyamba kenako kudula, kuzindikira ntchito zonse ziwiri zodula ndi kuwotcherera ndi laser ndi chipangizo chimodzi popanda kufunikira zida zina. Izi zimapulumutsa ndalama za zida kwa opanga mapulogalamu, zimathandizira magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kudula ndi kuwotcherera, kulondola kwa kukonza kumatsimikizika kwathunthu, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a zida ndi ogwira ntchito bwino komanso okhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, yagonjetsa zovuta za kusintha kwa kutentha kwa mbale panthawi yowotcherera mbale zazikulu kwambiri komanso kuzindikira kokhazikika kwa njira zowuluka zotalika kwambiri. Imatha kuwotcherera mbale ziwiri zathyathyathya za mamita 6 m'litali ndi mamita 1.5 m'lifupi nthawi imodzi, ndipo pamwamba pake pamakhala posalala komanso pathyathyathya popanda kukonza kwina pambuyo pake. Nthawi yomweyo, imatha kudula mbale zokhala ndi m'lifupi mwa mamita atatu, kutalika kopitilira mamita 6, ndi makulidwe osakwana 20mm mu njira imodzi yopanga popanda kuyiyika pamalo ena. Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, idachita mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi IHI Corporation (Japan). Potsatira njira yadziko lonse yopangira sayansi ndi ukadaulo ya "kuyambitsa, kugaya, kuyamwa, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano", idapambana ukadaulo wofunikira wakuwotcherera kwa laser, adapanga seti yoyamba ya mizere yonse yopangira zolumikizira za laser mu Seputembala 2006, ndipo adapanga bwino njira yolumikizira ya laser ya robotic, yomwe idakwaniritsa kulumikiza kwa laser kwa ma planar ndi space curves. Mu Okutobala 2013, katswiri wolumikizira waku China adapambana Mphoto ya Brook, mphotho yapamwamba kwambiri yamaphunziro pankhani yolumikizira. Bungwe la Welding Institute (TWI, UK) limalimbikitsa ndikusankha ofuna ntchito chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku mayunitsi opitilira 4,000 m'maiko opitilira 120, ndipo pomaliza pake limapereka mphothoyi kwa katswiri m'modzi pozindikira zopereka zawo zabwino kwambiri pa sayansi ndi ukadaulo wolumikizira kapena kujowina ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'mafakitale. Mphoto iyi si kungozindikira Gong Shuili ndi gulu lake komanso kutsimikizira udindo wa AVIC pakulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wolumikizira zinthu.
## Magawo a Kapangidwe
### Zipangizo Zogwirira Ntchito Zimapangidwa ndi oscillator yowala ndi sing'anga yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa magalasi kumapeto onse a oscillator cavity. Pamene sing'angayo ikugwedezeka kufika pamlingo wa mphamvu zambiri, imayamba kupanga mafunde owala mkati mwa gawo, omwe amawunikira kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo pakati pa magalasi kumapeto onse awiri, ndikupanga mphamvu ya photoelectric concatenation. Izi zimakulitsa mafunde owala, ndipo mphamvu yokwanira ikapezeka, laser imatulutsidwa. Laser ingathenso kutanthauziridwa ngati chipangizo chomwe chimasintha magwero oyambira a mphamvu monga mphamvu zamagetsi, mphamvu zamakemikolo, mphamvu zotentha, mphamvu zowala, kapena mphamvu za nyukiliya kukhala ma radiation amagetsi a ma frequency enaake (kuwala kwa ultraviolet, kuwala kowoneka, kapena kuwala kwa infrared). Kusintha kumeneku kumatha kuchitika mosavuta m'malo ena olimba, amadzimadzi, kapena a gaseous. Pamene ma media awa akugwedezeka mu mawonekedwe a ma atomu kapena mamolekyu, amapanga kuwala kowala komwe kuli pafupifupi gawo lomwelo komanso pafupifupi kutalika kwa nthawi imodzi—laser. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yake ya mkati mwa gawo ndi kutalika kwa mafunde amodzi, ngodya yosiyana ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, ndipo imatha kutumizidwa patali isanagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri kuti ipereke ntchito monga kuwotcherera, kudula, ndi kutentha. ### Kugawa Ma Laser Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma laser omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwotcherera, omwe ndi ma laser a CO₂ ndi ma laser a Nd:YAG. Ma laser a CO₂ ndi ma laser a Nd:YAG onse ndi kuwala kosaoneka kwa infrared pamaso pa anthu wamba. Mtambo wopangidwa ndi laser ya Nd:YAG makamaka ndi kuwala kwapafupi ndi infrared komwe kuli ndi kutalika kwa mafunde a 1.06μm. Ma conductor a kutentha ali ndi liwiro lalikulu la kuyamwa kwa kuwala kwa kutalika kwa mafunde kumeneku, ndipo pazitsulo zambiri, kuwala kwake ndi 20%-30%. Mtambo wapafupi ndi infrared ukhoza kulumikizidwa mpaka mainchesi 0.25mm pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi odziwika bwino. Mtambo wa laser ya CO₂ ndi kuwala kwakutali kwa infrared komwe kuli kutalika kwa mafunde a 10.6μm. Zitsulo zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu yowunikira ya 80%-90% pa mtundu uwu wa kuwala, kotero magalasi apadera owunikira amafunika kuti ayang'ane kuwala mpaka m'mimba mwake wa 0.75-1.0mm. Mphamvu ya ma laser a Nd:YAG nthawi zambiri imatha kufika pafupifupi 4,000-6,000W, ndipo mphamvu yayikulu tsopano yafika 10,000W. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mphamvu ya ma laser a CO₂ imatha kufika mosavuta pa 20,000W kapena kupitirira apo. Ma laser a CO₂ amphamvu kwambiri amathetsa vuto la mphamvu yowunikira kwambiri kudzera mu mphamvu ya keyhole. Pamene pamwamba pa zinthu zomwe zimayatsidwa ndi malo owala zimasungunuka, keyhole imapangidwa. Keyhole iyi yodzazidwa ndi nthunzi imakhala ngati thupi lakuda, lomwe limatenga mphamvu zonse za kuwala kochitika. Kutentha kofanana mkati mwa keyhole kumafika pafupifupi 25,000°C, ndipo reflectivity imachepa mofulumira mkati mwa ma microseconds ochepa. Ngakhale cholinga chachikulu cha ma laser a CO₂ chikuyang'anabe pakupanga ndi kufufuza zida, sikuti chikukhudzanso kuwonjezera mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa, koma momwe mungakulitsire khalidwe la beam ndi magwiridwe ake owunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, argon ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpweya woteteza pakuwotcherera kwa CO₂ laser yokhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 10kW, nthawi zambiri imayambitsa plasma yamphamvu, zomwe zimachepetsa kuzama kolowera. Chifukwa chake, helium, yomwe sipanga plasma, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpweya woteteza pakuwotcherera kwa CO₂ laser yamphamvu kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma diode laser kuphatikiza ma kristalo amphamvu kwambiri a Nd:YAG ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri yofufuza ndi chitukuko, yomwe idzasintha kwambiri mtundu wa ma laser ndikupanga kukonza bwino kwa laser. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma diode arrays mwachindunji kuti alimbikitse ndikutulutsa ma laser m'dera lapafupi ndi infrared kwapeza mphamvu yapakati ya 1kW ndi mphamvu yosinthira kuwala kwa pafupifupi 50%. Ma diode ali ndi moyo wautali wautumiki (maola 10,000), zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo wokonza zida za laser. Kupanga zida za laser yopompedwa ndi diode (DPSSL) kukupita patsogolo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-27-2025
