Zoyambira za Kudula Laser ndi Njira Yake Yopangira —Zida Zodulira za Laser

II. Kapangidwe ka Zipangizo Zodulira Laser

2.1 Zigawo ndi Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito ya Makina Odulira Laser

Makina odulira a laser amakhala ndi chotulutsira laser, mutu wodulira, cholumikizira chotumizira beam, tebulo logwirira ntchito la zida zamakina, makina owongolera manambala (NC), kompyuta (hardware ndi mapulogalamu), choziziritsira, silinda ya gasi yoteteza, chosonkhanitsa fumbi, ndi chowumitsira mpweya.

Jenereta ya Laser

Jenereta ya laser ndi chipangizo chomwe chimapanga magwero a kuwala kwa laser. Pa ntchito zodulira laser, makina ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma laser a CO₂ gas omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zosinthira magetsi komanso mphamvu zambiri zotulutsa, kupatulapo nthawi zingapo pomwe ma laser a YAG solid-state amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Si ma laser onse oyenera kudula, chifukwa kudula laser kumafuna zofunikira kwambiri pa khalidwe la kuwala.
Kudula Mutu

Makamaka imakhala ndi zinthu monga nozzle, focus lens, ndi focus tracking system.

Chipangizo chodulira mutu chodulira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa mutu wodulira kuti uyende motsatira Z-axis malinga ndi mapulogalamu omwe adakonzedweratu. Chimakhala ndi servo motor ndi zida zotumizira monga zomangira za lead kapena magiya.

(1) Nozzle: Pali mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya nozzle: mtundu wofanana, mtundu wolumikizana, ndi mtundu wa conical.

(2) Magalasi Oyang'ana: Kuti mudule pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kuwala kwa laser, kuwala koyambirira komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi laser kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa kudzera mu lenzi kuti apange malo owala okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Magalasi apakati ndi aatali okhala ndi focal ndi oyenera kudula mbale zokhuthala ndipo ali ndi zofunikira zochepa kuti malo olumikizirana azikhala olimba. Magalasi afupiafupi okhala ndi focal ndi oyenera kudula mbale zoonda zosakwana 3 mm; ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri kuti malo olumikizirana azikhala olimba koma amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu yotulutsa laser.

(3) Njira Yotsatirira: Njira yotsatirira yolunjika ya makina odulira laser nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mutu wodulira wolunjika ndi makina odziwira wolondola. Mutu wodulira umaphatikiza ntchito zowongolera ndi kuyang'ana, kuziziritsa madzi, kupopera mpweya, ndi kusintha kwa makina.

Sensa imapangidwa ndi zinthu zozindikira komanso chipangizo chowongolera kukula. Machitidwe otsata amasiyana kwathunthu kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zozindikira. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu yomwe ilipo: imodzi ndi njira yotsatirira sensa yokhoza kugwira ntchito, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti njira yotsatirira yosakhudzana; inayo ndi njira yotsatirira sensa yopangira zinthu, yomwe imatchedwanso njira yotsatirira yokhudzana.
Msonkhano Wotumizira Mtanda

Njira Yowonekera Yakunja: Magalasi owunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolera kuwala kwa laser komwe kukufunika. Pofuna kupewa kusokonekera kwa kuwala, magalasi onse owunikira amatetezedwa ndi zishango, ndipo mpweya woyera woteteza mphamvu umayikidwa kuti magalasiwo asaipitsidwe. Lenzi yogwira ntchito bwino imatha kuyang'ana kuwala kosasinthasintha pamalo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Lenzi yokhala ndi kutalika kwa mainchesi 5.0 imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, pomwe lenzi ya mainchesi 7.5 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pazinthu zodulira zokulirapo kuposa 12 mm.
Tebulo Logwirira Ntchito la Chida cha Makina

Thupi Lalikulu la Makina: Gawo la zida zamakina lamakina odulira a laserndi gawo la makina lomwe limagwira ntchito yoyendetsa ma axes a X, Y, ndi Z, kuphatikizapo nsanja yodulira.
Dongosolo Lolamulira Manambala

Dongosolo la NC limalamulira chida cha makina kuti chikwaniritse mayendedwe a X, Y, Z-axis ndikuwongolera mphamvu yotulutsa ya laser nthawi imodzi.
Dongosolo Loziziritsa

Chipinda Choziziritsira: Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuziziritsa jenereta ya laser. Laser ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yowala. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yosinthira ya laser ya CO₂ gas nthawi zambiri imakhala 20%, ndipo mphamvu yotsalayo imasinthidwa kukhala kutentha. Madzi ozizira amachotsa kutentha kochulukirapo kuti jenereta ya laser igwire ntchito bwino. Chipinda choziziritsira chimaziziritsanso magalasi akunja owoneka bwino ndi magalasi olunjika a chida cha makina, kuonetsetsa kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakhala kokhazikika komanso kupewa kusokonekera kwa lens chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri.
Masilinda a Gasi

Masilinda a gasi akuphatikizapo masilinda apakati ogwira ntchito ndi masilinda othandizira a gasi a makina odulira laser, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera mpweya wa mafakitale kuti laser isunthike komanso kupereka mpweya wothandizira mutu wodulira.
Dongosolo Lochotsa Fumbi

Imachotsa utsi ndi fumbi zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yokonza ndikuchita zosefera kuti zitsimikizire kuti mpweya wotulutsa utsi ukukwaniritsa miyezo yoteteza chilengedwe.
Choumitsira ndi Chosefera Choziziritsira Mpweya

Amapereka mpweya woyera komanso wouma kwa jenereta ya laser ndi njira ya kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira ya kuwala ndi magalasi owunikira azigwira ntchito bwino.

2.2 Kudula Tochi Yodulira Laser

Chithunzi cha kapangidwe ka tochi yodulira yodulira pogwiritsa ntchito laser chawonetsedwa pansipa. Chimapangidwa makamaka ndi thupi la tochi, lenzi yolunjika, galasi lowunikira, ndi nozzle yothandizira ya mpweya. Pakudula pogwiritsa ntchito laser, tochi yodulira iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:

① Tochi imatha kutulutsa mpweya wokwanira.

② Kayendedwe ka mpweya mkati mwa tochi kayenera kukhala kozungulira ndi mzere wowala wa galasi lowala.

③ Kutalika kwa tochi kumatha kusinthidwa mosavuta.

④ Pakudula, nthunzi yachitsulo ndi madontho ochokera kuchitsulo chodulidwacho sayenera kuwononga galasi lowala.

Kusuntha kwa tochi yodulira kumasinthidwa ndi makina oyendera a NC. Pali zochitika zitatu za kayendedwe pakati pa tochi yodulira ndi chidutswa cha ntchito:

① Tochi imakhala yosasuntha pamene chogwirira ntchito chikuyenda kudzera patebulo logwirira ntchito — makamaka yoyenera zogwirira ntchito zazing'ono.

② Chogwirira ntchito chimakhala chosasunthika pamene tochi ikuyenda.

③ Tochi ndi tebulo logwirira ntchito zimasuntha nthawi imodzi.

2.2.1 Mutu Wodula

Mutu wodulira wa laser uli kumapeto kwa makina otumizira kuwala, womwe uli ndi lenzi yolunjika ndi nozzle yodulira.

Magalasi olunjika amagawidwa makamaka malinga ndi kutalika kwa focal. Zipangizo zambiri zodulira laser zimakhala ndi mitu ingapo yodulira yokhala ndi kutalika kosiyana kwa focal. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kofanana kwa focal ndi 127 mm (5 in) ndi 190 mm (7.5 in). Lenzi lalifupi lalifupi limapanga malo olunjika ang'onoang'ono komanso kuya kwafupi kwa focal, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa m'lifupi mwa kerf ndikuchepetsa pang'ono. Lenzi lalitali lalitali limapereka malo olunjika akuluakulu komanso kuya kwakutali kwa focal. Poyerekeza ndi magalasi afupi, magalasi atali amatha kupereka kuwala kolunjika ndi mphamvu ya laser yokwanira kukonza zinthu pafupi ndi focal. Chifukwa chake, magalasi afupifupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podula mbale zoonda molondola, pomwe magalasi atalifupi amafunikira kuti zinthu zokhuthala zipeze kuya kokwanira kwa focal, kuonetsetsa kuti pali kusiyana kochepa kwa mainchesi a malo ndi mphamvu zokwanira mkati mwa makulidwe odula.

Magalasi owunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ayang'ane kuwala kwa laser komwe kumayenderana ndi kuwala mu tochi yodulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malowo akhale ochepa komanso mphamvu zambiri. Magalasi amapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kutumiza kutalika kwa kuwala kwa laser. Magalasi owunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ma laser olimba, pomwe zinthu monga ZnSe, GaAs, ndi Ge zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma laser a CO₂ gas (popeza galasi wamba siliwonekera bwino ku CO₂ laser beams), pakati pawo ZnSe ndiye yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Pakudula ndi laser, kuchepetsa kukula kwa malo ozungulira ndikofunikira kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu ndikupangitsa kudula mwachangu. Komabe, kutalika kwa lenzi lalifupi kumapangitsa kuti kukhale kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza malo odulira olunjika podula mbale zokhuthala. Kuphatikiza apo, kutalika kwafupipafupi kwa lenzi kumachepetsa mtunda pakati pa lenzi ndi chogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha lenzi kuipitsidwa ndi ma splashes osungunuka panthawi yodula ndikukhudza magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino. Chifukwa chake, kutalika koyenera kwa lenzi kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa mokwanira kutengera zinthu monga makulidwe odulira ndi zofunikira pamtundu wodulira.

2.2.2 Galasi Lowunikira

Ntchito ya galasi lowunikira ndikusintha njira ya kuwala kotuluka mu laser. Pa matabwa ochokera ku ma laser olimba, magalasi owunikira opangidwa ndi galasi lowala angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, magalasi owunikira mu zida zodulira laser ya CO₂ gas nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena zitsulo zokhala ndi kuwala kwakukulu. Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwala kwa laser panthawi yogwira ntchito, magalasi owunikira nthawi zambiri amaziziritsidwa ndi madzi.

2.2.3 Mphuno

Nozzle imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mpweya wothandizira m'dera lodulira, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi ubwino wa kudula. Chithunzi 4.11 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana a nozzle odulira ndi laser; mawonekedwe a nozzle oyambira ndi mitundu yozungulira, yopingasa, ndi yolumikizana.

Kusankha kwa nozzle nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu mayeso kutengera zinthu ndi makulidwe a workpiece, komanso kuthamanga kwa mpweya wothandiza. Kudula kwa laser nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito ma nozzle a coaxial (komwe kuyenda kwa mpweya kumakhala kozungulira ndi mzere wowala). Ngati kuyenda kwa mpweya ndi kuwala kwa laser si kozungulira, kupopera kwambiri kumatha kuchitika panthawi yodula. Khoma lamkati la nozzle orifice liyenera kukhala losalala kuti litsimikizire kuyenda kwa mpweya kosatsekedwa ndikupewa kugwedezeka komwe kungakhudze mtundu wa kerf. Kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwa kudula, mtunda pakati pa nkhope ya nozzle ndi pamwamba pa workpiece uyenera kuchepetsedwa, nthawi zambiri kuyambira 0.5 mm mpaka 2.0 mm. M'mimba mwake wa nozzle orifice uyenera kulola kuwala kwa laser kudutsa bwino, kuletsa kuwala kukhudza khoma lamkati la orifice. M'mimba mwake wa orifice ukakhala wocheperako, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kulumikiza kuwala. Pa kuthamanga kwa mpweya kowonjezera, pali mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya ma nozzle orifice diameters. Orifice yaying'ono kwambiri kapena yayikulu idzalepheretsa kuchotsa zinthu zosungunuka kuchokera ku kerf ndikukhudza liwiro lodula.

Mphamvu ya m'mimba mwa nozzle orifice pa liwiro lodulira pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokhazikika ya laser ndi mphamvu yothandizira mpweya ikuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 4.12 ndi 4.13. Zitha kuwoneka kuti pali m'mimba mwa nozzle orifice orifice yomwe imakwaniritsa liwiro lalikulu lodulira. Mtengo woyenera uwu ndi pafupifupi 1.5 mm mosasamala kanthu kuti mpweya kapena argon zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpweya wothandizira.

Mayeso odulira zitsulo zolimba pogwiritsa ntchito laser (zomwe zimakhala zovuta kudula) akuwonetsa kuti m'mimba mwake woyenera wa nozzle orifice uli pafupi kwambiri ndi zotsatira zomwe zili pamwambapa, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4.14. M'mimba mwake wa nozzle orifice umakhudzanso m'lifupi mwa kerf ndi m'lifupi mwa heat-affected zone (HAZ). Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4.15, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa m'mimba mwake wa nozzle orifice, m'lifupi mwa kerf umawonjezeka pomwe m'lifupi mwa HAZ umachepa. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa HAZ ndi kuzizira kwamphamvu kwa mpweya wothandizira pa zinthu zoyambira m'dera lodulira.

2.3 Magawo a Zida Zodulira Laser

2.3.1 Zipangizo Zodulira Zoyendetsedwa ndi Tochi

Mu zida zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi tochi, tochi yodulira imayikidwa pa gantry yosunthika ndipo imayenda molunjika motsatira gantry beam (Y-axis). Gantry imayendetsa tochi kuti iyende motsatira X-axis, pomwe workpiece imakhazikika patebulo logwirira ntchito. Popeza laser ndi tochi yodulira zimakonzedwa padera, mawonekedwe a laser transmission, kufanana motsatira njira yowunikira beam, ndi kukhazikika kwa magalasi owunikira zonse zimakhudzidwa panthawi yodulira.

Zipangizo zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi nyali zimatha kukonza zida zazikulu zogwirira ntchito. Zimakhala ndi malo ochepa pansi pa malo opangira zinthu ndipo zimatha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta ndi zida zina kuti zipange mzere wopanga. Komabe, kulondola kwake pa malo ndi ± 0.04 mm yokha.

Kapangidwe kabwino ka zida zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi tochi kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 4.19. Makina odulira a CO₂ laser opitilira mafunde agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mtunda wochokera ku laser kupita ku tochi yodulira ndi 18 m. Kuti zitsimikizire kuti kusintha kwa m'mimba mwake pa mtunda wotumizirawu sikusokoneza ntchito zodulira, kuphatikiza magalasi ozungulira kuyenera kupangidwa mosamala.

Magawo akuluakulu aukadaulo a zida zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi tochi ndi awa:

Mphamvu Yotulutsa Laser: 1.5 kW (mode imodzi), 3 kW (mode zambiri)
Kugunda kwa Tochi: X-axis 6.2 m, Y-axis 2.6 m
Liwiro Loyendetsa: 0–10 m/mphindi (losinthika)
Tochi Yoyandama ya Z-axis Stroke: 150 mm
Liwiro Losintha Tochi la Z-axis: 300 mm/mphindi
Kukula Kwambiri kwa Mbale Yachitsulo Yokonzedwa: 12 mm × 2400 mm × 6000 mm
Dongosolo Lowongolera: Njira Yowongolera Yogwirizana ya NC

2.3.2 Zipangizo Zodulira Zoyendetsedwa ndi Tebulo la XY

Mu zida zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi tebulo la XY, tochi yodulira imakhazikika pa chimango, ndipo chogwirira ntchito chimayikidwa patebulo lodulira. Tebulo lodulira limayendayenda motsatira ma axes a X ndi Y motsatira malamulo a NC, ndi liwiro losinthika loyendetsa nthawi zambiri limayambira pa 0–1 m/min kapena 0–5 m/min. Popeza tochi yodulira imakhala yosasuntha poyerekeza ndi chogwirira ntchito, imachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa kuwala kwa laser ndi pakati panthawi yodulira, kuonetsetsa kuti kudula kuli kofanana komanso kokhazikika. Ikakhala ndi tebulo lodulira laling'ono lokhala ndi kulondola kwa makina, makinawo amakwaniritsa kulondola kwa malo a ± 0.01 mm ndibwino kwambiri kudula molondola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kwambiri kudula zinthu zazing'ono molondola. Kuphatikiza apo, matebulo akuluakulu odulira okhala ndi X-axis stroke ya 2300–2400 mm ndi Y-axis stroke ya 1200–1300 mm akupezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazida zazikulu.

Magawo akuluakulu aukadaulo a zida zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi tebulo la XY ndi awa:

Gwero la Laser: CO₂ gas laser (mtundu wa chubu cholunjika chotsekedwa pang'ono)
Mphamvu ya Laser: Voliyumu yolowera 200 VAC; Voliyumu yotulutsira 0–30 kV; Mphamvu yotulutsira mphamvu yayikulu 100 mA
Mphamvu Yotulutsa Laser: 550 W
Kudula Table Stroke: X-axis 2300 mm, Y-axis 1300 mm
Liwiro Loyendetsa Tebulo Lodula (Losinthika ndi Masitepe): 0.4–5.0 m/mphindi, 0.2–2.5 m/mphindi, 0.1–1.3 m/mphindi, 0.05–0.6 m/mphindi
Tochi Yoyandama ya Z-axis Stroke: 180 mm
Kukula Kwambiri kwa Mbale Yokonzedwa: 6 mm × 1300 mm × 2300 mm
Dongosolo Lowongolera: Njira Yowongolera Manambala (NC)

2.3.3 Zipangizo Zodulira Zoyendetsedwa ndi Magulu Awiri (Tochi ndi Tebulo)

Zipangizo zodulira zoyendetsedwa ndi mbali ziwiri (torch & table) zimagwera pakati pa makina odulira oyendetsedwa ndi torch ndi XY omwe amapangidwa. Torch yodulira imayikidwa pa gantry ndipo imayenda mopingasa motsatira gantry beam (Y-axis), pomwe tebulo lodulira limayendetsedwa mozungulira. Kapangidwe kosakanikirana kameneka kamaphatikiza ubwino wa kudula bwino kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo. Ndi malo olondola a ±0.01 mm komanso liwiro losinthika la kudula la 0–20 m/min, ndi imodzi mwa makina odulira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika. Mitundu yayikulu ya makina awa imapereka Y-axis stroke ya 2000 mm ndi X-axis stroke ya 6000 mm, zomwe zimathandiza kudula zidutswa zazikulu.

Chotsukira cha laser chimayikidwa pa gantry pamodzi ndi tochi yodulira. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka kulondola kwapadera podula mabowo ozungulira. Makinawa amakhalanso ndi luso lapamwamba lopanga: amatha kudula mabowo ozungulira 46 (10 mm m'mimba mwake) pamphindi imodzi pa mbale yachitsulo yokhuthala ya 1 mm.

2.3.4 Zipangizo Zodulira Zophatikizana

Mumakina odulira ophatikizidwa, gwero la laser limayikidwa pa chimango ndipo limayenda nalo motalikirapo, pomwe tochi yodulira imalumikizidwa ndi makina ake oyendetsera kuti iyende mopingasa motsatira mtanda wa chimango. Makinawa amagwiritsa ntchito njira yowongolera manambala kudula zigawo zosiyanasiyana zooneka ngati mawonekedwe. Kuti athetse kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa njira yowunikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kopingasa kwa tochi yodulira, gawo losinthira kutalika kwa njira yowunikira nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi zida. Gawoli limatsimikizira kuti kuwala kwa laser kuli kofanana mkati mwa malo odulira ndipo kumasunga mawonekedwe odulira ofanana.

Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-17-2025

Zoyambira za Kudula Laser ndi Njira Yake Yopangira — Zipangizo Zodulira Laser