Poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wowotcherera,kuwotcherera ndi laserIli ndi ubwino wosayerekezeka pakuwotcherera molondola, kugwira ntchito bwino, kudalirika, kudzipangira zokha ndi zina. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, yakula mofulumira m'magawo a magalimoto, mphamvu, zamagetsi ndi zina, ndipo imaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa ukadaulo wopanga wodalirika kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 21.
1. Chidule cha mipiringidzo iwirikuwotcherera ndi laser
Matabwa awirikuwotcherera ndi laserndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira kuti mulekanitse laser yomweyo m'magawo awiri osiyana a kuwala kuti muwotcherera, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya ma laser kuti muphatikize, monga laser ya CO2, Nd: laser ya YAG ndi laser ya semiconductor yamphamvu kwambiri. Zonsezi zitha kuphatikizidwa. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuthetsa kusinthasintha kwa kuwotcherera kwa laser kuti kugwirizane ndi kulondola kwa msonkhano, kukonza kukhazikika kwa njira yowotcherera, ndikukweza mtundu wa weld. Beam iwirikuwotcherera ndi laserImatha kusintha mosavuta komanso mosavuta kutentha kwa chotenthetsera posintha chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya chotenthetsera, mtunda wa chotenthetsera, komanso mawonekedwe ogawa mphamvu a mipiringidzo iwiri ya laser, kusintha mawonekedwe a dziwe la keyboo ndi mawonekedwe a madzi oyenda mu dziwe losungunuka. Imapereka njira zambiri zowotcherera. Sikuti ili ndi ubwino waukulu wokhakuwotcherera ndi laserkulowa mkati, kuthamanga mofulumira komanso kulondola kwambiri, komanso koyenera zipangizo ndi malo olumikizirana omwe ndi ovuta kulumikiza ndi njira zachikhalidwekuwotcherera ndi laser.
Za matabwa awirikuwotcherera ndi laserChoyamba, tikukambirana njira zogwiritsira ntchito laser yokhala ndi mipiringidzo iwiri. Mabuku ambiri akusonyeza kuti pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopezera kuwotcherera kwa mipiringidzo iwiri: kuyang'ana pa transmission ndi kuyang'ana pa reflection. Makamaka, imodzi imachitika mwa kusintha ngodya ndi mtunda wa ma laser awiri kudzera mu magalasi owunikira ndi magalasi ozungulira. Ina imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito gwero la laser kenako kuyang'ana kudzera mu magalasi owunikira, magalasi ozungulira ndi magalasi ooneka ngati wedge kuti mupeze mipiringidzo iwiri. Pa njira yoyamba, pali mitundu itatu makamaka. Fomu yoyamba ndi kuphatikiza ma laser awiri kudzera mu ulusi wa kuwala ndikugawa m'mipiringidzo iwiri yosiyana pansi pa galasi lozungulira ndi galasi lozungulira. Yachiwiri ndi yakuti ma laser awiri amatulutsa mipiringidzo ya laser kudzera m'mitu yawo yozungulira, ndipo mtanda wawiri umapangidwa mwa kusintha malo a mitu yozungulira. Njira yachitatu ndi yakuti mtanda wa laser umagawika koyamba kudzera mu magalasi awiri 1 ndi 2, kenako kuyang'aniridwa ndi magalasi awiri owunikira 3 ndi 4 motsatana. Malo ndi mtunda pakati pa malo awiri ofunikira zitha kusinthidwa posintha ma angles a magalasi awiri ofunikira 3 ndi 4. Njira yachiwiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito laser yolimba kuti igawanitse kuwala kuti mupeze kuwala kowirikiza kawiri, ndikusintha ngodya ndi malo kudzera mu galasi loyang'ana ndi galasi loyang'ana. Zithunzi ziwiri zomaliza pamzere woyamba pansipa zikuwonetsa dongosolo la spectroscopic la laser ya CO2. Galasi lathyathyathya limasinthidwa ndi galasi looneka ngati wedge ndipo limayikidwa patsogolo pa galasi loyang'ana kuti igawanitse kuwala kuti mupeze kuwala kowirikiza kawiri.
Titamvetsetsa momwe ma double beams amagwiritsidwira ntchito, tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule mfundo ndi njira zowotcherera. Mu double-beamkuwotcherera ndi laserNjira yogwiritsira ntchito, pali njira zitatu zolumikizirana za mipiringidzo, zomwe ndi njira yolumikizirana, njira yolumikizirana ndi njira yosakanikirana. Nsalu, ndiko kuti, pali mtunda pakati pa njira yolumikizirana ndi njira yolumikizirana. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu mzere womaliza wa chithunzicho, malinga ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a mabowo ang'onoang'ono ndi maiwe osungunuka omwe amawoneka pansi pa malo osiyanasiyana panthawi yolumikizirana, amatha kugawidwanso m'magawo atatu: dziwe losambira, dziwe losambira losungunuka komanso dziwe losungunuka lolekanitsidwa. Makhalidwe a dziwe losambira losungunuka limodzi ndi dziwe losungunuka lolekanitsidwa ndi ofanana ndi a dziwe losambira losungunuka limodzi.kuwotcherera ndi laser, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzi cha kuyerekezera manambala. Pali zotsatira zosiyanasiyana za njira zosiyanasiyana.
Mtundu 1: Pansi pa malo enaake, mabowo awiri a makiyi amapanga bowo lalikulu la makiyi mu dziwe lomwelo losungunuka; pa mtundu 1, akuti kuwala kumodzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga dzenje laling'ono, ndipo kuwala kwina kumagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera kutentha, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri kukonza kapangidwe ka chitsulo cha kaboni wambiri ndi chitsulo cha alloy.
Mtundu 2: Wonjezerani malo otalikirana mu dziwe lomwelo losungunuka, lekanitsani matabwa awiriwo m'mabowo awiri odziyimira pawokha, ndikusintha mawonekedwe a dziwe losungunuka; pa mtundu 2, ntchito yake ndi yofanana ndi kuwotcherera ma electron beam awiri, Amachepetsa kutayikira kwa weld ndi ma weld osakhazikika pa kutalika koyenera.
Mtundu 3: Onjezerani malo otalikirana ndi kusintha mphamvu ya matabwa awiriwa, kuti umodzi mwa matabwa awiriwa ugwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero la kutentha pochita kulumikiza zisanalowe kapena kukonza zisanalowe panthawi yolumikiza, ndipo winayo ugwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Pa mtundu 3, kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti matabwa awiriwa amapanga dzenje la kiyi, dzenje laling'ono silili losavuta kugwa, ndipo kulowetsa sikophweka kupanga ma pores.
2. Mphamvu ya njira yowotcherera pa ubwino wa kuwotcherera
Zotsatira za chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya serial beam-energy pakupanga msoko wowotcherera
Mphamvu ya laser ikakhala 2kW, liwiro la kuwotcherera ndi 45 mm/s, kuchuluka kwa defocus ndi 0mm, ndipo mtunda wa beam ndi 3 mm, mawonekedwe a weld pamwamba pa kusintha RS (RS= 0.50, 0.67, 1.50, 2.00) ndi monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzichi. Pamene RS=0.50 ndi 2.00, weld imapindika kwambiri, ndipo pamakhala madontho ambiri m'mphepete mwa weld, popanda kupanga mapangidwe ofanana a sikelo ya nsomba. Izi zili choncho chifukwa pamene chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam chili chochepa kwambiri kapena chachikulu kwambiri, mphamvu ya laser imakhala yochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pinhole ya laser izungulire kwambiri panthawi yowotcherera, ndipo kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumapangitsa kuti chitsulo chosungunuka cha dziwe chituluke ndi kufalikira kwa dziwe losungunuka; Kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti kuya kwa dziwe losungunuka kumbali ya aluminiyamu kukhale kwakukulu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pansi pa mphamvu yokoka. Pamene RS = 0.67 ndi 1.50, mawonekedwe a sikelo ya nsomba pamwamba pa weld ndi ofanana, mawonekedwe a weld ndi okongola kwambiri, ndipo palibe ming'alu yotentha yowonekera, ma pores ndi zolakwika zina zowotcherera pamwamba pa weld. Mawonekedwe a ma weld okhala ndi ma beam energy ratios osiyanasiyana RS ali monga momwe asonyezedwera pachithunzichi. Gawo lowotcherera la ma weld lili mu "mawonekedwe agalasi la vinyo" wamba, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti njira yowotcherera imachitika mu laser deep penetration welding mode. RS ili ndi mphamvu yofunika kwambiri pa kuzama kwa P2 kwa weld kumbali ya aluminiyamu. Pamene beam energy ratio RS = 0.5, P2 ndi 1203.2 microns. Pamene beam energy ratio ndi RS = 0.67 ndi 1.5, P2 imachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe ndi 403.3 microns ndi 93.6 microns motsatana. Pamene beam energy ratio ndi RS = 2, kuzama kwa weld kulowa kwa joint cross section ndi 1151.6 microns.
Zotsatira za chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ndi mphamvu zofanana pakupanga msoko wowotcherera
Mphamvu ya laser ikakhala 2.8kW, liwiro la welding ndi 33mm/s, kuchuluka kwa defocus ndi 0mm, ndipo mtunda wa beam ndi 1mm, pamwamba pa weld umapezeka posintha chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam (RS=0.25, 0.5, 0.67, 1.5, 2, 4). Mawonekedwe akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi. Pamene RS=2, mawonekedwe a sikelo ya nsomba pamwamba pa weld ndi osakhazikika. Pamwamba pa weld yomwe yapezedwa ndi ma ratio ena asanu osiyanasiyana a mphamvu ya beam imapangidwa bwino, ndipo palibe zolakwika zooneka monga ma pores ndi ma spatter. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi serial dual-beamkuwotcherera ndi laser, pamwamba pa weld pogwiritsa ntchito mipiringidzo iwiri yofanana imakhala yofanana komanso yokongola. Pamene RS = 0.25, pamakhala kutsika pang'ono mu weld; pamene chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam chikuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono (RS = 0.5, 0.67 ndi 1.5), pamwamba pa weld ndi chimodzimodzi ndipo palibe kutsika komwe kumachitika; komabe, pamene chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam chikuwonjezeka (RS = 1.50, 2.00), koma pali kutsika pamwamba pa weld. Pamene chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam RS = 0.25, 1.5 ndi 2, mawonekedwe a weld ndi "ofanana ndi galasi la vinyo"; pamene RS = 0.50, 0.67 ndi 1, mawonekedwe a weld ndi "ofanana ndi funnel". Pamene RS = 4, sikuti ming'alu yokha imapangidwa pansi pa weld, komanso ma pores ena amapangidwa pakati ndi pansi pa weld. Pamene RS = 2, ma process pores akuluakulu amaonekera mkati mwa weld, koma palibe ming'alu yomwe imawonekera. Pamene RS = 0.5, 0.67 ndi 1.5, kuzama kwa P2 kwa weld kumbali ya aluminiyamu kumakhala kochepa, ndipo gawo lopingasa la weld limapangidwa bwino ndipo palibe zolakwika zoonekeratu zowotcherera zomwe zimapangidwa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam panthawi yowotcherera laser ya dual-beam imakhudzanso kwambiri kulowa kwa weld ndi zolakwika zowotcherera.
Mtanda wofanana - zotsatira za mtunda wa matabwa pakupanga msoko wowotcherera
Mphamvu ya laser ikakhala 2.8kW, liwiro la welding ndi 33mm/s, kuchuluka kwa defocus ndi 0mm, ndipo chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya beam RS = 0.67, sinthani mtunda wa beam (d = 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm) kuti mupeze mawonekedwe a weld pamwamba monga momwe chithunzi chikusonyezera. Pamene d = 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, pamwamba pa weld ndi yosalala komanso yathyathyathya, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi okongola; mawonekedwe a skewed ya nsomba ndi okhazikika komanso okongola, ndipo palibe ma pores, ming'alu ndi zolakwika zina zooneka. Chifukwa chake, pansi pa mikhalidwe inayi ya beam space, weld pamwamba imapangidwa bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene d = 2 mm, ma weld awiri osiyana amapangidwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ma laser beam awiri ofanana sagwiranso ntchito pa dziwe losungunuka, ndipo sangathe kupanga welding yogwira ntchito ya laser hybrid ya dual-beam. Pamene mtunda wa beam ndi 0.5mm, weld imakhala "yooneka ngati funnel", kuzama kwa kulowa kwa P2 kwa weld kumbali ya aluminiyamu ndi 712.9 microns, ndipo palibe ming'alu, ma pores ndi zolakwika zina mkati mwa weld. Pamene mtunda wa beam ukupitirira kuwonjezeka, kuzama kwa kulowa kwa P2 kwa weld kumbali ya aluminiyamu ndi aloyi kumachepa kwambiri. Pamene mtunda wa beam ndi 1 mm, kuzama kwa kulowa kwa weld kumbali ya aluminiyamu ndi 94.2 microns yokha. Pamene mtunda wa beam ukuwonjezeka, weld sipanga kulowa kogwira mtima kumbali ya aluminiyamu. Chifukwa chake, pamene mtunda wa beam ndi 0.5mm, zotsatira za recombination ya double-beam ndi zabwino kwambiri. Pamene mtunda wa beam ukuwonjezeka, kutentha kwa welding kumachepa kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira za recombination ya laser ya two-beam pang'onopang'ono zimaipiraipira.
Kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a weld kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kosiyanasiyana ndi kuzizira kwa dziwe losungunuka panthawi yowotcherera. Njira yowerengera manambala sikuti imangopangitsa kusanthula kwa kupsinjika kwa dziwe losungunuka kukhala kosavuta, komanso kuchepetsa mtengo woyesera. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa dziwe losungunuka m'mbali ndi mtanda umodzi, makonzedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mtunda wa malo. Zomaliza zazikulu zikuphatikizapo: (1) Panthawi ya mtanda umodzikuwotcherera ndi laserNjira yogwiritsira ntchito, kuya kwa dzenje losungunuka ndi kozama kwambiri, pali vuto la kugwa kwa dzenje, khoma la dzenje silikuyenda bwino, ndipo kufalikira kwa malo otsetsereka pafupi ndi khoma la dzenje sikufanana; pafupi ndi kumbuyo kwa dziwe losungunuka Kutuluka kwa madzi ndi kolimba, ndipo pali kubwereranso mmwamba pansi pa dziwe losungunuka; kufalikira kwa malo otsetsereka a dziwe losungunuka pamwamba ndi kofanana komanso pang'onopang'ono, ndipo m'lifupi mwa dziwe losungunuka ndi kofanana motsatira kuya. Pali chisokonezo chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi kupanikizika kwa khoma mu dziwe losungunuka pakati pa mabowo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi beam iwiri.kuwotcherera ndi laser, ndipo nthawi zonse imakhalapo motsatira kuya kwa mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Pamene mtunda pakati pa matabwa awiriwa ukupitirira kukwera, mphamvu ya matabwawo imasintha pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pa peak imodzi kupita ku double peak state. Pali phindu locheperako pakati pa mapiri awiriwa, ndipo mphamvu ya matabwawo imachepa pang'onopang'ono. (2) Pa double-beamkuwotcherera ndi laser, pamene malo ali 0-0.5mm, kuya kwa mabowo ang'onoang'ono a dziwe losungunuka kumachepa pang'ono, ndipo kayendedwe ka madzi onse a dziwe losungunuka ndi kofanana ndi ka mtanda umodzi.kuwotcherera ndi laser; pamene malo otalikirana ndi 1mm, mabowo ang'onoang'ono amalekanitsidwa kwathunthu, ndipo panthawi yothira ma lasers palibe kuyanjana pakati pa ma lasers awiriwa, komwe kuli kofanana ndi ma welding awiri otsatizana/awiri ofanana a laser imodzi yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1750W. Palibe mphamvu yotenthetsera, ndipo kayendedwe ka dziwe losungunuka ndi kofanana ndi ka welding ya laser imodzi yokhala ndi beam. (3) Pamene malo otalikirana ndi 0.5-1mm, pamwamba pa khoma la mabowo ang'onoang'ono ndi losalala m'makonzedwe awiriwa, kuya kwa mabowo ang'onoang'ono kumachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pansi pang'onopang'ono kumapatukana. Kusokonezeka pakati pa mabowo ang'onoang'ono ndi kuyenda kwa dziwe losungunuka pamwamba kuli pa 0.8mm. Yamphamvu kwambiri. Pa welding yotsatizana, kutalika kwa dziwe losungunuka kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, m'lifupi ndi kwakukulu kwambiri pamene malo otalikirana ndi 0.8mm, ndipo zotsatira zotenthetsera zimawonekera kwambiri pamene malo otalikirana ndi 0.8mm. Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya Marangoni imachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo madzi ambiri achitsulo amatsikira mbali zonse ziwiri za dziwe losungunuka. Pangani kufalikira kwa m'lifupi mwa kusungunuka kukhala kofanana. Pa kulumikiza kofanana, m'lifupi mwa dziwe losungunuka limawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala kwakukulu pa 0.8mm, koma palibe kutentha komwe kumachitika kale; kubwereranso kwa madzi pafupi ndi pamwamba komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya Marangoni nthawi zonse kumakhalapo, ndipo kubwereranso kwa madzi pansi pa dzenje laling'ono kumazimiririka pang'onopang'ono; gawo la madzi otsetsereka silili bwino monga momwe limakhalira lolimba motsatizana, kusokonezeka sikukhudza kuyenda kwa madzi mbali zonse ziwiri za dziwe losungunuka, ndipo m'lifupi mwake mwasungunuka mumagawidwa mosagwirizana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-12-2023
