Msonkhano Wowotcherera
1. Kusiyana kwa Msonkhano ndi Kusalingana
Ubwino wa kulumikiza ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti zolumikizira zili bwino. Mipata yambiri yolumikizira kapena kusalumikizana bwino kungayambitse zolakwika monga kuwotcha, kupangika bwino kwa zolumikizira, komanso kulowa kosakwanira. Mpata wolumikizira wa fillet ndi matako uyenera kukhala wochepa momwe zingathere. Gome 8-2 likuwonetsa zofunikira za mipata ndi kusalumikizana bwino mu zolumikizira za laser autogenous zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja.
Kuti muwonetsetse kukula kwa ntchito, kuchepetsa kusintha kwa zinthu, ndikuletsa malo oti alumikizedwe chifukwa cha kusintha kwa torsional panthawi yolumikiza, kulumikiza ma tack nthawi zambiri kumafunika musanagwiritse ntchito. Njira yofanana ndi kulumikiza ma tack imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza ma tack. Kutalika kwa ma tack welds ndi 20–30mm, ndipo zofunikira pa khalidwe la ma tack welds (monga, kuzama ndi m'lifupi) ndizochepa kuposa za ma tack welds ovomerezeka. Liwiro loyenda mwachangu nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza ma tack welds kuposa ma tack welds ovomerezeka. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ma tack welds alumikizidwa modalirika, ma tack welds ayenera kukhala athyathyathya, ataliatali, komanso owonda, ndipo sayenera kukhala akulu kwambiri, otakata, kapena okwera kwambiri. Ma tack welds amafunikanso chitetezo chokwanira kuti apewe kukhuthala.
3. Zokonzera ndi Ma Clamps
Kuwotcherera kwa laser kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera kwa mbale yopyapyala. Mu kuwotcherera kwa thin-plate, kuwotcherera nthawi zambiri kumachitika kutsogolo kwa workpiece, ndi kusungunuka kokwanira kumbuyo kuti pakhale weld yopangidwa bwino kumbuyo. Posankha magawo: kutentha kochepa kungayambitse kusalumikizana kosakwanira kumbuyo; kutentha kwambiri, pamene kuonetsetsa kuti kulowera kwathunthu kumbuyo, kungayambitse kupsa chifukwa cha mphamvu ya chitsulo chosungunuka kapena m'lifupi mwake kusungunuka kosagwirizana poyerekeza ndi makulidwe a workpiece. Pofuna kupewa kupsa, ngati workpiece ilola kukanikiza, zida ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukanikiza workpiece panthawi yowotcherera kwa thin-plate—kukanikiza mbali yakutsogolo ndikuyika mbale yamkuwa kapena yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumbuyo. Izi zimaletsa kusintha kwa mipata yosonkhanitsira kapena kusakhazikika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa welding ndikupewa kugwa kwa kutentha. Pamene workpiece ili ndi kutayika kofanana kwa kutentha m'madera osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, kugwiritsa ntchito zida kuti kulinganize kutayika kwa kutentha ndikothandiza, cholinga chake ndikupanga ma weld okhala ndi miyeso yofanana mbali zonse ziwiri zakutsogolo ndi zakumbuyo.
Kusankha Ma Parameter Othandizira Kuwotcherera
Kawirikawiri, magawo a laser welding ndi monga mphamvu ya laser, m'lifupi mwa laser pulse, kuchuluka kwa defocus, liwiro la welding, ndi mpweya woteteza.
1. Mphamvu ya Laser
Pali kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya laser mu laser welding. Pansi pa malire awa, kuzama kwa kulowa kumakhala kochepa; akafika kapena kupitirira, kuzama kwa kulowa kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Plasma imapangidwa pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya laser pa workpiece kwapitirira malire, kusonyeza kuwotcherera kokhazikika kwa kulowa. Pansi pa malire, kusungunuka kwa pamwamba kumachitika kokha (kuwotcherera kokhazikika kwa kutentha). Pafupi ndi mkhalidwe wofunikira kwambiri wopanga makiyi, kulowa kozama ndi kuwotcherera kosinthasintha kwa kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yosakhazikika yokhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kulowa. Mphamvu ya laser ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakupanga laser ndipo ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha kuzama kwa kulowa kwa weld. Pa mulifupi wa malo okhazikika, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya laser kumafanana ndi mphamvu ya laser: mphamvu yokwera imawonjezera kuzama kwa kulowa ndi liwiro la kuwotcherera. Komabe, mphamvu yochulukirapo imayambitsa kutentha kwambiri kwa dziwe losungunuka, imawonjezera m'lifupi mwa weld ndi malo okhudzidwa ndi kutentha (HAZ), ndipo imabweretsa kufalikira kwambiri, komwe kungaipitse lenzi yowotcherera. Ndi mphamvu yayikulu, wosanjikiza pamwamba ukhoza kutenthedwa mpaka kufika powira ndikusungunuka kwambiri mkati mwa ma microseconds, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kuchotsa zinthu monga kuboola, kudula, ndi kujambula. Ndi mphamvu yochepa, pamwamba pake pamatenga ma milliseconds kuti pafike powira, ndipo gawo la pansi pake limasungunuka lisanayambe kusungunuka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale kuwotcherera kwabwino.
2. Kuchuluka kwa Kugunda kwa Laser
Kuchuluka kwa ma pulse a laser, kapena "kuchuluka kwa ma pulse," ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuwotcherera kwa laser yoyendetsedwa ndi pulsed. Kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuzama kwa kulowa ndi HAZ: kuzama kwa ma pulse atali kumawonjezera HAZ, ndipo kuzama kwa kulowa kumawonjezeka ndi muzu wa sikweya wa m'lifupi mwa pulse. Komabe, kuzama kwa ma pulse atali kumachepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba, kotero nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera kutentha, kupanga ma welds otakata, osaya—makamaka oyenera kulumikizana kwa mbale zoonda komanso zokhuthala. Komabe, mphamvu yochepa ya pamwamba imayambitsa kutentha kwambiri, ndipo chinthu chilichonse chili ndi kuzama kwa ma pulse kwabwino kwambiri kuti chilowe mkati.
3. Kusankha Ndalama Zochotsera Kuyang'ana Kwambiri
Malo omwe malo olunjika ndi ofunikira kwambirikuwotcherera kwa laser fusion. Pamene cholinga chili pamwamba pa malo ogwirira ntchito, kuya kwa kulowa kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwotcherera kozama kukhale kovuta. Pamene cholinga chili pansi pa malo ogwirira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mkati mwa malo ogwirira ntchito kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka kwamphamvu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mphamvu zisunthire mozama mu malo ogwirira ntchito ndikuwonjezera kuya kwa kulowa. Pali njira ziwiri zochotsera: positive defocus (focus plane pamwamba pa malo ogwirira ntchito) ndi negative defocus (focus plane pansi pa malo ogwirira ntchito). Mwachizolowezi, pa mbale zokhuthala zomwe zimafuna kuya kwakukulu kwa kulowa, negative defocus imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi laser focus nthawi zambiri 1-2mm pansi pa malo ogwirira ntchito. Pa mbale zoonda, positive defocus ndi yomwe imakondedwa, ndi focus 1-1.5mm pamwamba pa malo ogwirira ntchito.
4. Kuthamanga kwa Kuwotcherera
Ndi magawo ena okhazikika, kuya kwa kulowa kumachepa pamene liwiro la kuwotcherera likuwonjezeka, pomwe magwiridwe antchito amakula. Kuthamanga kwambiri sikukwaniritsa zofunikira zolowera; kuthamanga kochepa kwambiri kumayambitsa kusungunuka kwambiri, ma welds ambiri, kutentha kwambiri kwa HAZ, komanso chizolowezi chowonjezeka cha kutentha.kuwotcherera kwa laser koyendetsedwa ndi pulsed, liwiro limatsimikiziridwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa kugunda kwa mtima kwakukulu komanso kuchulukana kwa malo komwe kumafunika—malo aliwonse otsatira a kugunda kwa mtima ayenera kupitirirana pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, pa mphamvu ya laser ndi makulidwe a zinthu, pali liwiro labwino kwambiri, momwe kuya kwa kulowa kwa mtima kumafikiridwa pa liwiro linalake.
5. Mpweya Woteteza
Mpweya wosagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza dziwe losungunuka panthawi yowotcherera ndi laser. Ngakhale kuti zipangizo zina sizingafunike chitetezo ku okosijeni pamwamba, ntchito zambiri zimatero. Mwachikhalidwe, Ar, N₂, ndi He amagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera ndi laser ya aluminiyamu kuti apewe okosijeni. Mwachiphunzitso, He ndiye wopepuka kwambiri wokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya ionization, koma pa mphamvu yochepa komanso liwiro lalikulu, plasma ndi yofooka, zomwe zimachepetsa kusiyana pakati pa mpweya. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti pansi pa mikhalidwe yomweyi, N₂ imayambitsa mosavuta mapangidwe a keyhole chifukwa cha zochita za exothermic ndi Al; mankhwala omwe amapezeka a Al-NO ternary amakhala ndi kuyamwa kwapamwamba kwa laser. Komabe, N₂ yoyera imapanga magawo a Al-N ofooka komanso ma pores mu welds. Mpweya wosagwira ntchito, pokhala wopepuka, umatuluka popanda kuyambitsa ma pores, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wosakanikirana ukhale wogwira mtima kwambiri. Posachedwapa, kafukufuku wokhudza kuwotcherera ndi laser ya Al pogwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza za Ar-O₂ ndi N₂-O₂ wawonjezeka.
6. Kuyamwa Zinthu Zofunika
Kuyamwa kwa mphamvu ya laser kumadalira zinthu monga kuyamwa, kuwunikira, kutentha, kutentha kosungunuka, ndi kutentha kwa evaporation, ndipo kuyamwa kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuyamwa ndi izi:
Kukana kwa magetsi: Pa malo opukutidwa, kuyamwa kumafanana ndi muzu wa sikweya wa kukana, womwe umasiyana malinga ndi kutentha.
Mkhalidwe wa pamwamba: Zimakhudza kwambiri kuyamwa kwa madzi ndipo motero zotsatira zake zimakhala zowotcherera.
Malangizo Ogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Zoletsa pa Kuwotcherera kwa Laser Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamanja
1. Pewani Kuwala kwa Arc
Owotcherera a laser a m'manjaGwiritsani ntchito ma laser a kalasi 4 otulutsa ulusi (1080±3)nm okhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa yoposa 1000W (kutengera mtundu). Kuwonetsedwa mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji kungawononge maso kapena khungu. Ngakhale kuti kuwalako sikuoneka, kumatha kuwononga retina kapena cornea. Nthawi zonse valani magalasi oteteza a laser ovomerezeka pamene laser ikugwira ntchito. Musayang'ane mwachindunji mutu wotulutsa pamene laser ikuyaka, ngakhale ndi magalasi.
2. Kukhazikitsa Magawo Owotcherera
Ikani mphamvu yochepa ya laser pa touchscreen (monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 8-2). Ikani nozzle yamkuwa ya mutu wowotcherera pa workpiece ndikukanikiza chosinthira cha tochi kuti mutulutse laser kuti muwotchere. Ma parameter wamba: pafupipafupi ya laser 5000Hz, liwiro la galvanometer 300–600, kuchedwa kwa gasi >100ms, 100% duty cycle kuti mutulutse mpweya mosalekeza. Sinthani m'lifupi mwa weld kutengera mipata yosonkhanitsira; mphamvu imatha kusinthidwa kuyambira 0–1000W (0–100% ya maximum). Mukayika ma parameter, dinani "Chabwino" ndikusunga kuti makonda ayambe kugwira ntchito.
4. Musawonjezere Mopitirira Muyeso Liwiro la Kuwotcherera
Ma weld amapangidwa posuntha gwero la laser (onani Chithunzi 8-3). Kuzama ndi m'lifupi zimadalira liwiro ndi mphamvu, ndi liwiro la 1-3 m/min, zomwe zimapangitsa malo osalala, opanda sikelo okhala ndi chiŵerengero cha <1. Pa mphamvu yokhazikika ndi mphamvu, kusintha liwiro kumakhudza mwachindunji kutentha komwe kumalowetsa, kusintha kulowa ndi m'lifupi. Kuthamanga kwambiri kumayambitsa kutentha kosakwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulowa kuchepe, m'lifupi mwake, kuchepetsedwa, ma pores, ndi kulowa kosakwanira.
Kuyeretsa kwa makina: Gwiritsani ntchito maburashi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena mawilo opumira kuti muchotse ma oxides mpaka atayera bwino. Sungunulani nthawi yomweyo mutatha kupukuta; pukutaninso ngati kupukuta kwachedwa kwa maola opitilira 36.
Kuyeretsa mankhwala: Chotsani ma oxide pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala (njira zimasiyana malinga ndi zinthu). Gome 8-3 likuwonetsa njira zotsukira mankhwala a aluminiyamu. Chotsani mafuta/fumbi ndi zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe (petulo, isopropyl alcohol) pozinyowetsa, kuzipukuta, ndi kuziumitsa.
5. Chepetsani Kuchuluka kwa Ma Porosity
Ma pores a haidrojeni ndi ofala kwambiri mu aluminiyamu alloy laser welding. Chepetsani izi mwa kuchotsa chinyezi pamwamba, mafuta, ndi ma oxide. Kukulitsa nthawi yozizira ya dziwe losungunuka (mwa kuwonjezera kukula kwa pulse) kumathandiza mpweya kutuluka, chifukwa kutentha kwachangu kwa laser welding kumachepetsa kutulutsa mpweya. Pewani malo olunjika kapena odekha, komwe machitidwe amphamvu a dziwe losungunuka ndi nthunzi ya alloy imawonjezera ma porosity; gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu yofewa kudzera mu defocus yosinthidwa kuti muchepetse nthunzi.
6. Samalani ndi Kaimidwe Kogwira Tochi
Matayala a laser ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja (onani Chithunzi 8-4) ndi olemera kuposa matayala a TIG ndipo ali ndi zingwe zokhuthala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wogwiritsa ntchito atopa. Pakuwotcherera kwa nthawi yayitali, gwirani tochi ndi manja onse awiri, sungani nozzle kuti igwirizane ndi chogwirira ntchito, gwirizanitsani chowotchereracho ndi maso, ndikukoka tochiyo molunjika kwa inu nokha. Sinthani kaimidwe kanu kutengera malo owotcherera kuti muchepetse kutopa ndi kuchuluka kwa mafupa.
7. Pewani Kuvulala ndi Laser
Kugwira ntchito molakwika kungayambitse ngozi. Tsatirani malamulo awa:
Musayang'ane mutu wa laser pamene mukugwira ntchito.
Musagwiritse ntchitoma laser a ulusim'malo opanda kuwala/amdima.
Musayang'ane tochi kwa anthu pamene chipangizocho chikugwira ntchito.
Gwiritsani ntchito zotchinga zachitsulo mkati mwa 3m kuchokera pamalo olumikizirana.
Lolani kuti ogwiritsa ntchito okha ndi omwe alowe m'malo olumikizira zitsulo.
Valani zovala zodzitetezera (magalasi ovomerezeka, zophimba nkhope, magolovesi). Musayang'ane mutu wa chotulutsira pamene laser ikuyaka, ngakhale ndi magalasi.
Gwirani tochi ndi chingwe mosamala (ma radius ocheperako opindika >200mm).
Letsani kiyi yotulutsa kuwala kwa laser ngati simukugwiritsa ntchito.
Onetsetsani kuti nozzle ndi yabwino kuti muteteze mpweya bwino:
Makoma amkati osalala, ozungulira ndi laser.
Sinthanitsani ma nozzle opindika mwachangu kuti musunge kayendedwe ka tochi kokhazikika.
Kukula kwa malo otsegulira ma nozzle (onani Chithunzi 8-6) kumakhudza ubwino wa weld: malo otseguka akuluakulu amawonjezera kuyenda kwa mpweya, kufulumizitsa kuuma kwa mpweya ndikuwonjezera zoopsa za ming'alu/kusweka.
8. Pewani Kuthamanga Kwambiri kwa Ma Alloys Omwe Amamva Kusweka
Kuwotcherera kwa laser yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manjaimagwiritsa ntchito ma tochi a galvanometer odziyimira pawokha, opanda waya, komanso oscillating. Liwiro lalikulu limachepetsa kulowa, limapindika pang'ono, limayambitsa kudulidwa pang'ono, ndikusokoneza kuphimba kwa mpweya woteteza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo chiwonjezeke. Gwiritsani ntchito liwiro lotsika pa ma alloys omwe amamva ming'alu.
9. Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi khalidwe labwino logwirizana
Kusiyana kwa kutentha ndi kuwotcherera kopanda waya kungayambitse kupsa, ma crater, kapena ming'alu ya ma crater. Wotcherera mosalekeza kuti muchepetse kuyimitsa; ngati kuyimitsa sikungapeweke (monga kusintha kwa malo, kuwotcherera kogawika), pang'onopang'ono (10mm) musanayime kuti mupewe ma crater. Yambitsaninso 20mm kumbuyo kwa crater yakale kuti mugwirizane ndi mtundu wake.
10. Tsatirani Kuyenda Koyenera kwa Tochi
Kokani tochi kuti muyiyendere nokha (kuchokera kutali mpaka pafupi) popanda kugwedezeka mbali zonse. Sungani liwiro lokhazikika pamene mukuyang'anira kupangika kwa weld nthawi zonse. Pa weld yoyimirira, gwiritsani ntchito kuyenda pansi (osati mmwamba) kuti mugwiritse ntchito kulimba mwachangu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mukuyenda bwino.
11. Pewani Kudula Mochepa, Zidutswa Zing'onozing'ono, ndi Kugwa mu Ma Welds a Lap
Pa ma weld a lap, sinthani ngodya ya laser kuti galvanometer iphimbe 2/3 ya mbale yoyimirira (onani Chithunzi 8-7). Izi zimasungunula mbale yoyimirira (monga chodzaza) ndi 1/3 ya mbale yoyambira kudzera mu kutentha, ndikupanga weld yokwanira pambuyo pozizira. Ma weld osagwira bwino a lap amafooketsa mphamvu ya mafupa, amachepetsa kukana kwa ming'alu, kapena amachititsa kuti kapangidwe kake kalephereke—pewani kudula.
12. Chepetsani Kuwunikira mu Kuwotcherera kwa Aluminiyamu
Aluminiyamu imawonetsa mphamvu ya laser 60–98%. Kuwunikira kumatsika kwambiri pamalo osungunuka ndipo kumakhala kokhazikika ikasungunuka. Kuzindikira kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira; kuyamwa kwakukulu kumachitika nthawi zonse (sinthani kuti muteteze lenzi). Chepetsani kuwunikira pochotsa ma oxides kudzera mu kuyeretsa kwa makina/mankhwala.
13. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Gasi Moyenera Poteteza
Mpweya woteteza umakhudza kupangika kwa weld, kulowa mkati, ndi m'lifupi. Mpweya wambiri umawongolera ubwino koma ukhoza kukhala ndi zovuta:
Ar: Mphamvu yochepa ya ionization, mapangidwe ambiri a plasma (kuchepetsa mphamvu ya laser) koma yosagwira ntchito, yotsika mtengo, komanso yokhuthala—yophimba bwino dziwe losungunuka (loyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse).
N₂: Mphamvu ya ionization yapakati (imachepetsa plasma bwino kuposa Ar), koma imagwira ntchito ndi aluminiyamu/chitsulo cha kaboni kuti ipange ma nitride ofooka, zomwe zimachepetsa kulimba (sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi). Yoyenera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, komwe ma nitride amawonjezera mphamvu.
14. Kuthamanga kwa Mpweya Woteteza
Mpweya umatuluka kudzera mu nozzle pa mphamvu inayake. Kapangidwe ka hydrodynamic ya nozzle ndi kukula kwa chotulutsira mpweya ndizofunikira kwambiri: zazikulu mokwanira kuphimba weld, koma zimaletsedwa kuti zisayende movutikira (zomwe zimakoka mpweya ndikuyambitsa ma porosity). Pa welding ya laser yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja, liwiro la kuyenda kwa mpweya ndi 7L/min. Kuyenda mopitirira muyeso kumasonkhezera zodetsa mu dziwe losungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale woyera—sankhani liwiro loyenera la kuyenda kwa mpweya.
15. Malo Oyang'ana pa Laser
Malo ofunikira: Malo ochepa kwambiri, mphamvu zambiri - kugwiritsa ntchitokuwotcherera malokapena mphamvu zochepa, zofunikira zochepa za kukula kwa malo (onani Chithunzi 8-8).
Kuchotsa kufoka kolakwika: Malo akuluakulu (amawonjezeka ndi mtunda kuchokera pa foka)—oyenera kulowetsedwa kopitilira muyeso wolowera mozama komanso kuwotcherera malo ozama.
Kutsegula bwino: Malo akuluakulu (amawonjezeka ndi mtunda kuchokera pa malo owunikira)—oyenera kutsekedwa pamwamba kapena kuwotcherera mosalekeza.
Kuwongolera kulumikiza kwathunthu: Kusintha pang'ono kwa mtundu kumbuyo kumasonyeza ubwino wabwino; zizindikiro zoonekeratu/kulowetsa kumayambitsa kudontha kapena mipata yakuya mu kulumikiza kosalekeza. Sinthani kuyang'ana, mphamvu, ndi mawonekedwe a mafunde kutengera zitsanzo. Gwiritsani ntchito malo ang'onoang'ono pazinthu zopyapyala kuti mupewe kupsa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-21-2025
