Kuwotcherera kwa laser beam ndi arc welding kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali popanga mafakitale, ndipo kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana paukadaulo wolumikizira zinthu. Njira iliyonse ili ndi madera ake enieni ogwiritsira ntchito, monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi njira zakuthupi zotumizira mphamvu kupita ku chinthu chogwirira ntchito komanso ndi kuyenda kwa mphamvu komwe kungapezeke. Mphamvu imatumizidwa kuchokera ku gwero la laser beam kupita ku chinthucho kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya infrared coherent radiation yamphamvu kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe cha fiber-optic. Arc imatumiza kutentha komwe kumafunika pakuwotcherera pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yambiri yomwe ikuyenda kupita ku chinthu chogwirira ntchito kudzera mu mzere wa arc. Kuwala kwa laser kumabweretsa malo ocheperako omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha kuya kwa kuwotcherera ndi m'lifupi mwa msoko (deep-weld effect). Mphamvu yolumikizira mipata ya njira yowotcherera ya laser ndi yochepa kwambiri, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa, koma kumbali ina imatha kufika pa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri la kuwotcherera. Njira yowotcherera ya arc ili ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri, koma imayambitsa malo akuluakulu pamwamba pa chinthu chogwirira ntchito ndipo imadziwika ndi liwiro lochepa la kukonza. Mwa kuphatikiza njira zonsezi, mgwirizano wothandiza ukhoza kuchitika. Pomaliza pake, izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupeza zabwino zonse komanso zabwino pakupanga ndi kupanga, komanso kukonza bwino ndalama. Njirayi imapereka ntchito zosangalatsa komanso zokopa ndalama, m'makampani opanga magalimoto, makamaka chifukwa chakuti kulekerera kwakukulu kumaloledwa pa ma weldments, kuchuluka kwa ma joining rates ndikotheka, ndipo magawo abwino kwambiri a makina/ukadaulo amatha kupezeka.
1. Chiyambi:
Kuyambira m'ma 1970, zakhala zikudziwika bwino momwe mungaphatikizire kuwala kwa laser ndi arc mu njira yolumikizirana yolumikizirana, koma kwa nthawi yayitali pambuyo pake, palibe ntchito ina yowonjezereka yomwe idachitika. Posachedwapa, ofufuza ayang'ananso nkhaniyi ndipo anayesa kugwirizanitsa zabwino za arc ndi za laser, mu njira yosakanikirana yolumikizirana. Ngakhale m'masiku oyambirira, magwero a laser adayenerabe kutsimikizira kuti ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale, masiku ano ndi zida zaukadaulo wamba m'mabizinesi ambiri opanga.
Kuphatikiza kwa kuwotcherera kwa laser ndi njira ina yowotcherera kumatchedwa "njira yowotcherera yosakanizidwa". Izi zikutanthauza kuti mtanda wa laser ndi arc zimagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi m'dera limodzi lowotcherera, ndipo zimakhudzana ndikuthandizirana.
2. Laser:
Kuwotcherera kwa laser sikufuna mphamvu ya laser yokha komanso kuwala kwapamwamba kuti mupeze "zotsatira za deep-weld" zomwe mukufuna. Ubwino wa kuwala kumeneku ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze kuwala kochepa kapena mtunda waukulu.
Pa ntchito zopanga zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano, laser yolimba yopompedwa ndi nyali yokhala ndi mphamvu ya laser ya 4 kW ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwala kwa laser kumatumizidwa kudzera mu ulusi wagalasi wa 600 µ m.
Kuwala kwa laser kumatumizidwa kudzera mu ulusi wagalasi, momwe chiyambi ndi mapeto zimaziziritsidwa ndi madzi. Kuwala kwa laser kumayikidwa pa chidutswa chogwirira ntchito ndi gawo loyang'ana lomwe lili ndi mtunda wa 200 mm.
3. Njira Yophatikiza ndi Laser:
Pakuwotcherera zinthu zachitsulo, kuwala kwa laser kwa Nd:YAG kumayang'ana kwambiri pa mphamvu yoposa 106W/cm2. Pamene kuwala kwa laser kukafika pamwamba pa chinthucho, kumatentha malowa mpaka kutentha kwa nthunzi, ndipo nthunzi imapangidwa mu chitsulo chowotcherera chifukwa cha nthunzi yachitsulo yomwe imatuluka. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha msoko wowotcherera ndi chiŵerengero chake chakuya mpaka m'lifupi. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya arc yoyaka momasuka kuli pamwamba pang'ono pa 104 W/cm2. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa mfundo yoyambira yowotcherera yosakanikirana. Kuwala kwa laser
Chomwe chikuwonetsedwa apa chimapereka kutentha ku chitsulo chosungunula chomwe chili pamwamba pa msoko, kuwonjezera pa kutentha kuchokera ku arc. Mosiyana ndi kapangidwe kotsatizana komwe njira ziwiri zosiyana zosungunula zimagwirira ntchito motsatizana, kuwotcherera kosakanikirana kumatha kuwonedwa ngati kuphatikiza kwa njira zonse ziwiri zosungunula zomwe zimagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi m'dera limodzi la njira. Kutengera ndi njira ya arc kapena laser yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso pa magawo a njira, njirazo zidzakhudzana pamlingo wosiyana komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana [1, 2].
Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa njira ya laser ndi njira ya arc, palinso kuwonjezeka kwa kuzama kwa kulowa kwa weld komanso liwiro la welding (poyerekeza ndi njira iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito yokha). Nthunzi yachitsulo yomwe imatuluka mu nthunzi imagwiranso ntchito pa plasma ya arc. Kuyamwa kwa kuwala kwa laser ya Nd:YAG mu plasma yokonza sikuli kofunikira. Kutengera ndi chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ziwiri zomwe zasankhidwa, mtundu wa njira yonseyo ukhoza kudziwika pamlingo waukulu kapena wocheperako kaya ndi laser kapena ndi arc [3,4].
Chithunzi 1: Chifaniziro cha dongosolo: Kuwotcherera kwa LaserHybrid
Kuyamwa kwa kuwala kwa laser kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa pamwamba pa workpiece. Ntchito yowotcherera laser isanayambe, kuwunikira koyamba kuyenera kuthetsedwa, makamaka pamwamba pa aluminiyamu. Izi zitha kuchitika poyambitsa kuwotcherera ndi pulogalamu yapadera yoyambira. Kutentha kwa nthunzi kukafika, nthunzi imapangika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yonse ya ma radiation ilowe mu workpiece. Mphamvu yofunikira pa izi imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyamwa komwe kumadalira kutentha komanso kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zatayika.
mwa kulowetsa mu gawo lotsala la ntchito. Mu LaserHybrid welding, nthunzi imachitika osati kuchokera pamwamba pa ntchito yokha komanso kuchokera ku waya wodzaza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali nthunzi yambiri yachitsulo yomwe ilipo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kuwala kwa laser kulowe. Izi zimalepheretsanso kusiya ntchito [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto:
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa space frame, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa 43% n'kotheka poyerekeza ndi thupi la galimoto yachitsulo.
Chithunzi 2: Lingaliro la chimango cha Audi Space A2
Chimango cha Audi A2 Space chili ndi 30 m Laser (zingwe zachikasu pachithunzi 2) ndi kutalika kwa 20m MIG weld. Kuphatikiza apo, ma rivets 1700 amagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Chithunzi 3: Kuyerekeza ma profiles ndi njira zolumikizirana pa Audi-A2
Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa cholumikizira cha LaserHybrid cholumikizidwa cha chinthu chopangidwa ndi ALMg3 chokhala ndi pepala la AlMgSi. Waya wodzaza ndi AlSi5 ndipo mpweya woteteza womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Argon. Ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya laser, kulowa mozama n'kotheka. Kuphatikiza kuwala kwa laser ndi arc mwanjira iyi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale dziwe lalikulu la weld kuposa njira yolumikizira kuwala kwa laser yokha. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kulumikiza zigawo zomwe zili ndi mipata yayikulu.
Chithunzi 4: Cholumikizira cholumikizana ndi mpata wa 0.5 mm
Mu makampani opanga magalimoto pali njira zambiri zowotcherera zinthu zosiyanasiyana popanda kukonzekera ma joint. Pakadali pano, njira yapamwamba kwambiri yowotcherera iyi ndi njira yowotcherera zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito laser pogwiritsa ntchito waya wodzaza wozizira, chifukwa cha kusweka kwa kutentha kwa aloyi ya AA 6xxx. Pamene cholumikiziracho chawotcherera ndi waya wodzaza, mphamvu zambiri za laser zimatayika kuti zisungunuke waya wodzazayo.
Chithunzi chotsatira chikuyimira kusiyana pakati pa LaserHybrid ndi Laser welding pa cholumikizira cholumikizirana ndi liwiro la welding la 2.4m/min. Pankhani ya welding ya laser, palibe kuthekera kodzaza weld bead, ndipo undercut imapangidwa. Komanso, pali kulowa kochepa kwambiri mu zinthu zoyambira. Kukula kwa weld bead ndi kochepa kwambiri, motero mphamvu yocheperako yomangika idzayembekezeredwa. Pankhani ya welding ya LaserHybrid,
Zinthu zina zimanyamulidwa kupita ku dziwe lothira weld. Choduliracho chimadzazidwa ndi waya wochokera ku njira ya MIG, ndipo gawo la mphamvu ya laser tsopano lasungidwa. Mphamvu ya laser yosungidwa iyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera kulowa mu zinthu zoyambira ndipo m'lifupi mwa mkanda wa weld ndi waukulu kuposa makulidwe a zinthuzo, zomwe zimafunika kuchokera ku kuyerekezera kwa manambala.
Chithunzi 5 Kuyerekeza pakati pa LaserHybrid ndi Laser welding yopanda waya wodzaza
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowotcherera ya LaserHybrid, n'zotheka kuwotcherera zinthu za Aluminiyamu, zitsulo ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kuyambira makulidwe a zinthu mpaka 4 mm. Ngati makulidwe ake ndi okwera kwambiri, sikutheka kulowa mkati mokwanira. Pofuna kulumikiza zinthu zophimbidwa ndi Zinc, ndibwinonso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira laser.
Ntchito zina m'magalimoto ndi sitima zamagetsi, ma axles ndi matupi a magalimoto, komwe njira yowotcherera ya laser hybrid ingakhale yoyenera.
Mutu wowotcherera:
Mutu wothira uyenera kukhala ndi miyeso yaying'ono ya geometrical, kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuthira ulusizo zikupezeka mosavuta, makamaka m'munda wa auto-body. Kuphatikiza apo, uyenera kupangidwa kuti ulole kulumikizana koyenera kochokera ku mutu wa robot komanso kusintha kwa zinthu monga mtunda wolunjika, komanso mtunda woyimilira wa torch m'malo onse a Cartesian. Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa mutu wothira ulusi, pamene ntchitoyi ikugwira ntchito. Kuthira komwe kumachitika panthawi yothira ulusi kumabweretsa dothi lochulukirapo la galasi loteteza. Galasi la quartz limakutidwa mbali zonse ziwiri ndi chinthu choletsa kuwala ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuteteza makina owunikira a laser kuti asawonongeke.
Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa dothi, dothi lomwe limasonkhana pagalasi lingapangitse kuti mphamvu ya laser yomwe imakhudza ntchitoyo ichepe ndi 90%. Dothi lolemera nthawi zambiri limayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa galasi loteteza, chifukwa gawo lalikulu la mphamvu yowala limatengedwa ndi galasi lokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kovuta mugalasi. Ndi mutu wowotcherera ndi zida zowotcherera, ndizotheka kuzigwiritsa ntchito powotcherera LaserHybrid, kuwotcherera laser, kuwotcherera MSG ndiLaser Hot waya brazing.
Chithunzi 6: Mutu wa kuwotcherera ndi njira yogwirira ntchito
5. Ubwino wa kuwotcherera kwa Laser Hybrid:
Ubwino wotsatirawu umachokera ku kuphatikiza kwa arc ndi laser beam: Ubwino wa LaserHybrid welding kuposa laser welding:
• kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwa njira
• kukwera kwa kukwera kwa kulumikiza
• kulowa mozama
• ndalama zochepa zogulira ndalama
• kusinthasintha kwakukulu
Ubwino wa LaserHybrid welding kuposa MIG welding:
• liwiro lalikulu la kuwotcherera
• kulowa mozama kwambiri pa liwiro lalikulu la kuwotcherera
• kutentha kochepa
• mphamvu yolimba kwambiri
• mipata yopapatiza yolumikizira
Chithunzi 7: Ubwino wophatikiza njira ziwirizi
Njira yowotcherera ya arc imadziwika ndi gwero lamphamvu lotsika mtengo, luso labwino la mlatho komanso malo osinthira kapangidwe kake powonjezera zitsulo zodzaza. Mbali inayi, zinthu zomwe zimasiyanitsa njira yowotcherera ya laser ndi kuya kwakukulu kwa kuwotcherera, liwiro lalikulu la kuwotcherera, kutentha kochepa komanso mipata yopapatiza yomwe imapeza. Pamwamba pa kuchuluka kwa mtanda, laser imapanga "zotsatira zakuya" muzinthu zachitsulo zomwe zimathandiza kuti zigawo zomwe zili ndi makulidwe akuluakulu a khoma ziwotcheredwe - bola ngati mphamvu ya laser ili yokwanira. Chifukwa chake, kuwotcherera kwa Laser Hybrid kumapangitsa kuti kuwotcherera kukhale kokwera, kukhazikika kwa njira chifukwa cha kuyanjana pakati pa arc ndi laser, mphamvu yowonjezera ya kutentha komanso kulekerera kwakukulu kwa zidutswa zogwirira ntchito. Chifukwa dziwe lowotcherera ndi laling'ono kuposa momwe zimakhalira mu njira ya MIG, pali kulowetsa kutentha kochepa komanso malo ochepa omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwotcherera kochepa
kupotoza, komwe kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yowongoka pambuyo pa weld yomwe ikufunika kuchitidwa.
Kumene kuli maiwe awiri osiyana a weld, kutentha komwe kumatsatira kuchokera ku arc kumatanthauza kuti kuwala kwa laser - malo oswedwa - makamaka pankhani ya chitsulo - kumapatsidwa chithandizo cha kutentha pambuyo pa weld, kufalitsa mphamvu zofanana pa msoko. Chithunzi 6 chikufotokoza ubwino wa njira yophatikizana (monga hybrid).
Tsopano poyang'ana ubwino wachuma wa hybrid welding kuposa laser welding, mawu otsatirawa angapangidwe: Msoko wa weld umakhala ndi laser weld pang'ono ndipo pang'ono ndi MIG weld. Njira yosakanikiranayi imapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya laser beam ichepetsedwe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya gwero la laser ikhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chipangizo cha laser beam chili ndi mphamvu ya 3% yokha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina: Kuchepa kwa 1 kW mu mphamvu ya laser beam yomwe imakhudza workpiece kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa pafupifupi 35 kVA mu mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku mains amagetsi.
Chipangizo choyezera kuwala kwa laser chimawononga pafupifupi EUR 0.1 m pa 1 kW iliyonse yamphamvu ya laserMwachitsanzo chimodzi chokha, ngati kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosakanikirana kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha laser beam cha 2 kW m'malo mwa chipangizo chokhala ndi mphamvu ya 4 kW ya beam, izi zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zogulira zisungidwe ndi EUR 0.2 m. Komabe, kumbukirani apa kuti pa njira yosakanikirana, pakufunika makina a MIG okwana pafupifupi EUR 20,000.
Chifukwa cha liwiro lalikulu la kuwotcherera, nthawi yopangira komanso ndalama zowotcherera zitha kuchepetsedwa.
6. Kuphimba kwa LaserHotwire:
Njira ina yophatikizira kuwala kwa laser ndi waya wodzaza ndi njira ya LaserHotwire [10]. Mu njirayi, waya wodzaza umatenthedwa ndi gwero lomwelo lamagetsi, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito paNjira yowotcherera ya Laser HybridWaya wodzaza uli ndi mphamvu yamagetsi kuyambira 100 A mpaka 220 A. Liwiro la waya limadalira gawo la mkanda wothira ndi liwiro la chitsulo chothira. Kuthira, kudzera mu kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chothira, kumapereka zinthu zoumbira zomwe zimatha kumalizidwa mosavuta kuposa mipata yofanana nayo yothira. Kudzera mu chitsulo chothira, ntchito yokonza ikhoza kuchitika mosavuta kuposa momwe zingakhalire ndi malo olumikizirana. Ubwino umodzi wa chitsulo chothira cha LaserHotwire ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa malo othira.
Monga zitsulo zodzaza, zitsulo zotsika mtengo zopangidwa ndi mkuwa monga SG-CuSi3 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo Argon amagwira ntchito ngati mpweya woteteza.
Chithunzi 8: Kuyimira kwachiwembuLaser Hot waya brazing:
Chithunzi chotsatira chikuwonetsa gawo lopingasa la zinthu zopangidwa ndi waya wa Laser Hot. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinki zimakutidwa ndi zinki ndi liwiro la 3 m/min ndipo waya wodzaza uli ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 205 A. Kutentha kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake kusokonekera kochepa kumachitika chifukwa cha njira yopangira zinki.
7. Chidule:
Kuwotcherera kwa Laser Hybrid ndi ukadaulo watsopano womwe umapereka mgwirizano m'magawo ambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opanga zitsulo, makamaka komwe sikungatheke kapena komwe kuli koyenera pazachuma kukwaniritsa kulekerera kwa zigawo zomwe zimafunikira kutikuwotcherera kwa laserKugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kwa njira yophatikizirayi kumapangitsa kuti mpikisano ukhale wokwera pankhani ya ndalama zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi yochepa yopangira, ndalama zochepa zopangira komanso zokolola zambiri.
Njira ya LaserHybrid imaperekanso njira yatsopano yolumikizira aluminiyamu. Komabe, njira yokhazikika yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochita zinthu yakhala yotheka posachedwapa, chifukwa cha mphamvu zambiri zotulutsa za ma laser olimba. Kafukufuku wambiri wafufuza maziko a njira zolumikizira laser-arc-hybrid. Ponena za "njira yolumikizira hybrid", tikutanthauza kuphatikiza kwa laserbeam welding ndi njira yolumikizira arc, yokhala ndi gawo limodzi lokha la process (plasma ndi melt). Kafukufuku woyambira wasonyeza kuti njira ndi yotheka momwe - mwa kuphatikiza njira ziwirizi - mgwirizano ungatheke ndipo zovuta za njira iliyonse yosiyana zitha kulipidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wolumikizira, kusinthasintha komanso kudalirika kwa zida zosiyanasiyana ndi zomangamanga. Makamaka, izi zawonetsedwa pa aluminiyamu alloys. Mwa kusankha magawo abwino a process, ndizotheka kusintha mosankha mawonekedwe a weld monga geometry ndi kapangidwe kake. Njira yolumikizira arc imawonjezera kufalikira powonjezera chitsulo chodzaza; imazindikiranso m'lifupi mwa weld-seam motero imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kukonzekera kwa workpiece komwe kukufunika. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyanjana komwe kumachitika pakati pa njirazi kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo igwire bwino ntchito. Njira yophatikizanayi imafunanso ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa njira yowotcherera laser.
Njira yopangira waya wa Laser Hot ingagwiritsidwe ntchito makamaka pazinthu zokutidwa ndi zinc kuti zipewe dzimbiri.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-18-2025
