M'mayiko otukuka omwe ali ndi mafakitale opanga zida zapamwamba, pafupifupi 50% ya phindu lonse la zinthu limachokera kumakampani okhudzana ndi kuwotcherera. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano pamsika, opanga akufuna kwambiri kuti zinthu ziyende bwino komanso kuti achepetse ndalama zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu, njira zosiyanasiyana monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera zowotcherera,kuwotcherera kosakanikirana, mawaya ambiri kapena mawaya ambiri, ndipo mawaya abwino olumikizirana amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira zotsogola izi zathandizira kwambiri kupanga mawaya, zagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo zapereka chithandizo chofunikira paukadaulo wopititsa patsogolo kuwotcherera.

Kulowa m'zaka za zana la 21, ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo mwachangu, kuwotcherera kogwira ntchito bwino kwakhala kochulukirachulukira ndipo kwakhala njira yopititsira patsogolo kafukufuku waukadaulo wowotcherera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito m'dziko lonselo komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Kale, pakuwotcherera kogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kusintha kwa zida zowotcherera kunali cholinga chachikulu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kusintha kwa makina owotcherera kwalimbikitsa chitukuko cha ukadaulo wowotcherera wogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso kuwotcherera kothamanga kwambiri kapenakuwotcherera kwapamwamba kwambirichakhala njira yopitira patsogolo mtsogolo. Chomwe chimatchedwa "ukadaulo wowotcherera wothandiza kwambiri" kwenikweni chimatanthauza magulu a ukadaulo monga kuwotcherera wothamanga kwambiri, kuwotcherera wothamanga kwambiri, komanso kuwotcherera wothandiza kwambiri.

(1) Njira Zowongolera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino kwa Zowotcherera

Kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a welding kumaphatikizapo mbali ziwiri: imodzi ndi welding yotsika kwambiri yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa zinthu zowotcherera, zomwe zimafuna kusungunuka kwa zinthu zowotcherera zambiri pa nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuwotcherera mbale zokhuthala, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyika mpaka 30 kg/h; ina ndi welding yothamanga kwambiri yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuonjezera liwiro la welding, yomwe poyambira pake ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya welding pamene ikuwonjezera liwiro la welding kuti kutentha kwa welding kusasinthe, makamaka komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwotcherera mbale zopyapyala, ndi liwiro la welding pafupifupi nthawi 3-8 kuposa welding wamba wa CO₂ wotetezedwa ndi gasi.

Kuchokera pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chamakono komanso momwe ntchito yopangira zinthu ikuyendera, pali njira zotsatirazi zowonjezerera luso lopanga zinthu zowotcherera:

• Wonjezerani liwiro lalikulu la kusungunuka kwa waya pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya woteteza kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa kuyika kwa welding.
• Gwiritsani ntchito magwero otentha osakanizidwa kuti muwongolere kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ma welding, monga laser-arc hybrid welding, laser-plasma arc hybrid welding, ndi zina zotero.
• Gwiritsani ntchito njira yodyetsera pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya ambiri kapena njira yodyetsera pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya otentha kuti muwongolere bwino ntchito yowetsera, monga njira yowetsera pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya awiri (kapena mawaya ambiri) ya gasi, njira yowetsera pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya ambiri, njira yowetsera pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya otentha, ndi zina zotero.
• Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala apadera a zinthu zogwira ntchito kuti muwonjezere mphamvu yolowera mu arc, kuchepetsa kukula kwa weld cross-sectional, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a welding, monga A-TIG welding, A-Laser process, ndi zina zotero.
• Chepetsani kukula kwa mpata kuti muchepetse malo olumikizirana pakati pa weld ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chosungidwa, monga welding yopapatiza.
• Gwiritsani ntchito mafunde apadera ochokera ku magwero amphamvu olumikizirana kuti muwonjezere liwiro la kulumikiza.

Pakadali pano, tanthauzo la mayiko lonse lakuwotcherera kwa mpweya wogwira ntchito wachitsulo (MAG) wothandiza kwambiri(onani DVS-No.0909-1) ndi: pa waya wokhala ndi mainchesi a 1.2mm, MAG welding yokhala ndi liwiro lotumizira waya lopitirira 15m/min kapena kuchuluka kwa deposition kuposa 8kg/h imatchedwa high-efficiency MAG welding. Kuchuluka kwa deposition kwa magiya ena a MAG welding kumatha kufika 20kg/h.

(2) Zipangizo Zowotcherera za MAG Zogwira Ntchito Kwambiri

Pakadali pano, njira imodzi yowonjezerera mphamvu ya MAG welding, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikusintha mawaya olimba ndi mawaya okhala ndi flux-core kuti alowetsedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawaya okhala ndi chitsulo okhala ndi ufa wachitsulo kumatha kuwonjezera mphamvu ya mawayawo ndi zoposa 50% poyerekeza ndi mawaya olimba. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kapangidwe ka mpweya woteteza kumatha kusintha kwambiri mphamvu ya mawayawo.

• Mawaya olimba ndi oyenera kukula kwa 1.0-1.2mm. Mawaya owonda kwambiri ndi ovuta kusintha kuti agwirizane ndi waya wothamanga kwambiri chifukwa cha kuuma kosakwanira; pomwe mawaya okhala ndi dayamita yoposa 1.2mm samakhala osavuta kupanga kusuntha kozungulira kokhazikika ngakhale pansi pa mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba.
• Mawaya okhala ndi flux-core amatha kukhala ndi mainchesi a 1.2-1.6mm. Mawaya okhala ndi flux-core onse okhala ndi chitsulo komanso opangidwa ndi slag amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito MAG welding yokhala ndi magawo akuluakulu owetera. Makamaka mawaya okhala ndi chitsulo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kudzaza kwa ufa wachitsulo (mpaka 45%), mukamagwiritsa ntchito waya wokhala ndi chitsulo wokhala ndi mainchesi a 1.6mm wokhala ndi magawo owetera a 380A welding current ndi 38V welding voltage, kuchuluka kwa waya wosungunuka kumatha kufika 9.6kg/h.

Kusamutsa madontho a mawaya okhala ndi chitsulo kumafanana ndi kwa mawaya olimba. Mawaya okhala ndi flux amatha kulumikizidwa mwanjira yotumizira ma spray wamba komanso yotumizira ma short-circuit mwachangu, koma sangapange kusuntha kwa arc kozungulira. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa waya wothira mawaya okhala ndi rutile flux kumatha kufika 30m/min, ndipo malire apamwamba a liwiro la waya wothira mawaya oyambira okhala ndi flux ndi pafupifupi 45m/min, ndi liwiro losungunuka la waya mpaka 20kg/h.

(3) Mitundu ya Kusamutsa Madontho mu Mag Welding Yogwira Ntchito Kwambiri

Mu MAG welding yachizolowezi, pamene welding current ikuwonjezeka, madontho osinthira amasinthasintha kuchokera ku short-circuit transfer, globular transfer kupita ku spray transfer. Pansi pa mfundo yotsimikizira kuti weld ipangidwe bwino, malire a current osinthira madontho osinthira ndi pafupifupi 400A.

Mu kulumikiza kwa MAG kwamphamvu kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zakuthupi za mpweya woteteza wa zigawo zambiri ndikuwonjezera bwino kukulitsa kwa waya, liwiro la kusungunuka kwa waya likhoza kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu mphamvu yapamwamba komanso yamagetsi apamwamba ya kulumikiza kwa MAG kosazolowereka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe osinthira madontho amakumananso ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Mitundu yake yoyambira ndi: kusuntha kwachizolowezi kwa kupopera, kusuntha kwafupipafupi kwamagetsi, kusuntha kwa kupopera kozungulira, ndi kusuntha kwachangu kwa kupopera.

• Arc yosamutsa utsi wamba: Mu gawo lakuwotcherera kwachangu kwambiri, liwiro la waya wothira arc yosamutsira mankhwala lili pakati pa 15-20m/min.
• Chingwe chosinthira chafupipafupi cha liwiro lalikulu: Kutumiza kwa waya waufupi wothamanga kwambiri kumapezeka pochepetsa mphamvu ya welding ndikuwonjezera mphamvu youma mkati mwa liwiro la waya la 15-20m/min. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu youma kufika pa 40mm, kumapeto kwa waya kumafewa ndikuyamba kuzungulira, ndi kutsika kwa 1-2mm kuchokera ku mzere wa waya. Mapeto a waya wozungulira amapanga kutumizira kwaufupi kokhazikika mbali zonse ziwiri za weld.
• Kuzungulira kwa spray transfer arc: Mzere wozungulira umapangidwa pamene mbali ya waya yafewa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba ndikutembenuzidwa ndi mphamvu ya mzere. Pa mawaya okhala ndi mainchesi a 1-2mm, liwiro la waya limafunika kufika 25m/min kapena kupitirira apo, ndipo mphamvu yofanana yolumikizira waya ndi pafupifupi 450A. Kupatuka konse kwa mbali yaulere ya waya kuchokera ku mzere wa waya ndi mamilimita angapo, zomwe zitha kuwonedwa ndi maso amaliseche panthawi yolumikizira waya.
• Kutumiza kwa spray yothamanga kwambiri: Imadziwika ndi kusamutsa kwa madontho a axial, ndi liwiro lodyetsa waya lopitirira 20m/min, ndipo kukula kwa madontho kuli kofanana ndi kukula kwa waya. Poyerekeza ndi kusamutsa kwa madontho a arc kamodzi ndi kamodzi, njirayi imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Njira yolekanitsira madontho imabwerezanso chimodzimodzi, ndipo kuwala kwa plasma kopapatiza, kokhazikika, komanso kowala ndi khalidwe la kusamutsa kwa spray mwachangu. Pamene mawaya ofewa atsika, kutalika kwa arc kumachepa ndipo mzere wa arc wa plasma umakula, kenako mlatho wamadzi umapangidwa pakati pa dontho losungunuka ndi mawaya. Mlatho wamadzi umakanikizidwa mosalekeza ndi mphamvu ya electromagnetic contraction, zomwe zimapangitsa arc kukhala yayikulu. Pamene mlatho pakati pa mawaya ndi dontho umakhala wochepa mokwanira, plasma imapangidwa mozungulira mlatho. Panthawi yomwe mlatho umasweka, arc yosinthira spray yothamanga kwambiri imayambiranso, ndikupanganso jet yopapatiza komanso yokhazikika ya plasma. Pa arc yosinthira spray yothamanga kwambiri, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe akuya koma opapatiza olowera, muzu wa weld sungadzazidwe kwathunthu ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.