Kodi ukadaulo wapamwamba wowotcherera ndi chiyani?

Kodi ukadaulo wapamwamba wowotcherera ndi chiyani?

(1) Kuwotcherera kwa Laser-Arc Hybrid

Ukadaulo wokonza magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri umaonedwa kuti ndi ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri wokonza zinthu m'zaka za m'ma 2000, womwe umakhulupirira kuti "umabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu paukadaulo wokonza zinthu ndi kupanga zinthu," ndipo pakadali pano ndi gawo laukadaulo lomwe likukula mwachangu komanso lofufuzidwa kwambiri.

Kukula kwazida zowotchereraKufikira pamlingo waukulu kuli ndi matanthauzo awiri: chimodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya zida, ndipo china ndi kukulitsa ziwalo zolumikizidwa ndi zida. Chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha mu zida zapamwamba zolumikizira, makamaka zida zolumikizira laser ndi ma elekitironi, kuwonjezera mphamvu, kukonza kuzama kolowera komanso kukhazikika kwa njira zolumikizira kungachepetse ndalama zolumikizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovomerezeka kwa makampani. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo wolumikizira wosakanizidwa womwe umayang'ana kwambiri ma laser wakopa chidwi. Ndipotu, kuwotcherera kosakanizidwa kwa laser-arc kunaperekedwa kale m'ma 1970, koma ntchito zokhazikika zamafakitale zidangoyamba kumene, makamaka kupindula ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa laser ndi zida zolumikizira arc, makamaka kusintha kwa mphamvu ya laser ndi ukadaulo wowongolera arc. Laser-arc hybrid makamaka imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza kwa laser ndi tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc, plasma arc, ndi active arc. Kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa laser ndi arc, zofooka za njira iliyonse yolumikizira zitha kuthetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino zosakanikirana.

Kuwotcherera kwa laser-arc hybrid kumathandizira kwambiri kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yowotcherera, makamaka kutengera zotsatira ziwiri: choyamba, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo iyende bwino komanso kuchepetsa kutaya kutentha kwa ntchito; chachiwiri, mphamvu ya superposition ya kuyanjana pakati pa magwero awiri otentha. Powotcherera zitsulo, laser plasma imakhazikika mu arc; nthawi yomweyo, arc imalowa mu keybool ya dziwe losungunuka, zomwe zimachepetsa kutaya mphamvu. Kuphatikiza kwa laser ndi TIG kumatha kuwonjezera kwambiri liwiro la kuwotcherera, pafupifupi kawiri kuposa TIG welding. Kuwonongeka kwa ma electrode a tungsten kumachepanso kwambiri, zomwe zimawonjezera moyo wake wautumiki; ngodya ya groove imathanso kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo dera la weld cross-sectional ndi lofanana ndi la laser welding. Poyerekeza ndi laser-single arc hybrid welding, laser-double arc hybrid welding imatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa welding ndi 25% ndikuwonjezera liwiro la kuwotcherera ndi pafupifupi 30%.

Ubwino waukulu wa laser-arc (kapena plasma arc) hybrid welding ndi kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro la welding ndi kuzama kwa kulowa. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa arc, kutentha kwa chitsulo kumakwera, kuchepetsa kuwunikira kwa chitsulo kupita ku laser ndikuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa mphamvu ya kuwala. Njirayi yayesedwa pa CO₂ laser welding yamphamvu yochepa, komanso CO₂ laser welding ya 12kW ndi 2kW YAG lasers yokhala ndi transmission ya ulusi wowala, zomwe zimayika maziko a welding ya robot laser-arc (kapena plasma arc) hybrid. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ukadaulo wophatikiza welding wobadwa kuchokera ku laser-arc hybrid wapeza chitukuko chachikulu, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'zigawo zovuta mumlengalenga, usilikali, ndi magawo ena kwalandiridwa chidwi chowonjezeka. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wophatikiza welding wophatikiza miyeso yamphamvu kwambiri ndi miyeso yosiyanasiyana wakhala umodzi mwa malo ofunikira kwambiri pantchito yophatikiza miyeso yamphamvu kwambiri.

(2) Kuwotcherera Kosakaniza ndi Kusakaniza

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) ndi ukadaulo wowotcherera womwe unapangidwa ndi Welding Institute (TWI) ku United Kingdom kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Ungathe kuwotcherera zitsulo zopanda chitsulo zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuwotcherera pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowotcherera zosakanikirana.

Kuwotcherera kwa friction stir kuli ndi ubwino monga njira yosavuta yolumikizira, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizidwa, kutopa bwino, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso kupindika, palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mawaya olumikizira kapena mpweya woteteza, palibe kuwala kwa arc, komanso kupsinjika kochepa komanso kusintha kwa zinthu pambuyo powotcherera. Kwagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga ndege m'maiko otukuka ku Europe ndi America, ndipo kwagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino powotcherera zombo zopondereza za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwira ntchito kutentha kochepa, ndikumaliza cholumikizira cholunjika cha ma weld a longitudinal ndi cholumikizira chozungulira cha ma weld ozungulira. Ukadaulo uwu wagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kapangidwe katsopano ka magalimoto atsopano ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege, mayendedwe, kupanga magalimoto, ndi mafakitale ena.

(3) Kuwotcherera kwa Vacuum Diffusion

Kubwera kosalekeza kwa zipangizo zamakono kumabweretsa mavuto atsopano pa ukadaulo wolumikizana. Kulumikizana kwa zipangizo zambiri zatsopano, monga ma alloys osatentha, ma ceramics apamwamba, ma intermetallic compounds, ndi zinthu zophatikizika, makamaka kulumikizidwa kwa zinthu zosiyana, n'kovuta kukwaniritsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zolumikizirana, motero ma solid-state diffusion bonding ndi ukadaulo wina watulukira. Mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wolumikizira wa superplastic forming-diffusion wagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino mu titanium alloy honeycomb structures ya ndege. Ma ceramics ndi zitsulo zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi diffusion welding; kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolumikizira wa transient liquid phase diffusion welding kwathetsa mavuto ambiri ovuta olumikizirana a zipangizo zolimba omwe sangathetsedwe ndikuwotcherera kosakanikiranam'mbuyomu.

Kulumikizana kwa Solid-state kungagawidwe m'magulu awiri. Choyamba ndi njira yolumikizira yokhala ndi kutentha kochepa, kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi nthawi yochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pa workpiece pakhale kukhudzana kwambiri ndi kuphulika kwa filimu ya oxide kudzera mu kusintha kwa pulasitiki. Kusintha kwa pulasitiki ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapanga cholumikizira. Njira zolumikizirazi zikuphatikizapokuwotcherera kwa kukangana, kuwotcherera kuphulika, kuwotcherera kuzizira, ndi kuwotcherera kupsinjika kotentha, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kuwotcherera kupanikizika. Njira ina ndi yolumikizira kufalikira ndi kutentha kwambiri, kupanikizika kochepa, komanso nthawi yayitali, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika mumlengalenga woteteza kapena vacuum. Njira yolumikizirayi imapanga kusintha kochepa kwa pulasitiki, ndipo kufalikira kwa mawonekedwe ndiye chinthu chachikulu popanga cholumikizira. Njira zolumikizirazi zimaphatikizapo kuwotcherera kufalikira, monga kuwotcherera kufalikira kwa vacuum, kuwotcherera kufalikira kwa gawo lamadzimadzi, kuwotcherera kufalikira kwa hot isostatic, ndi kuwotcherera kufalikira kwa superplastic.

Kuwonjezera pa kubuka kosalekeza kwa njira zamakono zowotcherera ndi njira zatsopano (zomwe zili pamwambapa ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe), mulingo wa makina ndi makina odzipangira okha a njira zosiyanasiyana zowotcherera ukukwera nthawi zonse. Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wamagetsi, ukadaulo wozindikira, makompyuta, ndi ukadaulo wowongolera kwalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha njira yowotcherera, zomwe zapangitsa kuti makina owotcherera azisunthira ku ulamuliro wanzeru. Makamaka, kuyambitsidwa kwakukulu kwa maloboti owotcherera kwadutsa njira yachikhalidwe yowotcherera yokhazikika, kwatsegula njira yatsopano yosinthasintha yowotcherera, ndipo kwapereka malo okulirapo okulitsa ukadaulo wowotcherera. Kuwotcherera kwakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito popanga zinthu zamakono. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma, magawo ogwiritsira ntchito makina owotcherera/olumikizira apamwamba apitiliza kukula.

(4) Kuwotcherera Kokha komanso Kwanzeru

Kukonza makina ndi makina odzipangira okha ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zowonjezerera kupanga bwino kwa ma welding, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito. Kupanga makina odzipangira okha ndiye njira yopititsira patsogolo ukadaulo wowotcherera. Kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi ubwino wa kupanga ma welding kuli ndi zoletsa zina pokhapokha poganizira njira zowotcherera. Njira zowotcherera/zolumikizira monga kuwotcherera ma electron beam, kuwotcherera laser, ndi kuwotcherera kwa friction stir zimakhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa geometry ya groove ndi mtundu wa assembly. Pambuyo powotcherera okha, kapangidwe konse kowotcherera kumakhala koyera, kolondola, komanso kokongola, kusintha momwe ntchito yamanja imagwirira ntchito m'ma workshop owotcherera m'mbuyomu.

Monga chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri za chitukuko cha ukadaulo wamakono wopanga zinthu komanso makampani atsopano aukadaulo, maloboti akhala ndi zotsatira zofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana amakampani apamwamba. Kuvuta kwa njira zopangira zolumikizirana ndi zofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wa zolumikizirana, kuphatikiza ndi mulingo woipa waukadaulo wolumikizirana komanso momwe ntchito ikuyendera, zimapangitsa njira zolumikizirana zomwe zimatha kudzipangira zokha ndikupangitsa kuti njira yolumikizirana ikhale yofunikira kwambiri. Pakadali pano, 30% mpaka 40% ya maloboti padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wolumikizirana. Maloboti olumikizirana poyamba ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamizere yopanga zolumikizirana m'makampani opanga magalimoto, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, pang'onopang'ono afalikira kumadera ena opanga.

Cholinga choyamba cha chitukuko chakuwotcherera mwanzerundi njira yowonera. Makina owonera omwe apangidwa pano angathandize maloboti kusintha okha njira yoyendera nyali malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili panthawi yowotcherera, ndipo ena amatha kusintha magawo a njira yowonera panthawi yake malinga ndi kukula kwa groove.